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10 .\" are retained or reproduced in an accompanying document, permission
32 .\" * <>| are problematic, so redefine and use \*(Lt\*(Gt\*(Ba
229 The options are as follows:
240 option is used or if both standard input and standard error are attached
369 If there are no non-option
375 if commands are being read from a file, the file is used as the name;
404 Words (which are sequences of characters) are delimited by unquoted whitespace
416 Aside from delimiting words, spaces and tabs are ignored, while newlines
418 The meta-characters are used in building the following
428 etc. are used to specify redirections (see
465 Note that the following characters are also treated specially by the
466 shell and must be quoted if they are to represent themselves:
480 The first three of these are the above mentioned quoting characters (see
517 As words and tokens are parsed, the shell builds commands, of which there
520 typically programmes that are executed, and
552 etc.) are all well-defined and are described where the construct is
567 All commands of a pipeline are executed in separate subshells;
589 The first two are for conditional execution:
615 operators are
657 Compound commands are created using the following reserved words.
659 are only recognised if they are unquoted and if they are used as the first
671 that are followed by reserved words must end with a semicolon, a newline or
673 For example, the following are all valid:
719 statements are the same as those used for file name patterns except that the
728 patterns are subject to parameter, command and arithmetic substitution, as
771 etc.) are used instead.
858 is omitted, the positional parameters are used
903 Note that redirections specified after a function definition are
950 Field splitting and file name generation are not performed on arguments.
958 operators are replaced with
970 Parameter, command and arithmetic substitutions are performed as expressions
989 expressions are a subset of patterns (e.g. the comparison
1007 There are three methods of quoting.
1013 and the newline are stripped.
1045 and the newline are stripped; otherwise, both the
1047 and the character following are unchanged.
1060 In places where backslashes are expanded, certain C and
1065 style escapes are translated.
1108 where # is none of the above, translates to \e# (backslashes are retained).
1132 There are two types of aliases: normal command aliases and tracked aliases.
1133 Command aliases are normally used as a short hand for a long or often used
1143 Aliases are specifically an interactive feature: while they do happen
1144 to work in scripts and on the command line in some cases, aliases are
1150 The following command aliases are defined automatically by the shell:
1185 For interactive shells, only the following commands are
1208 There are three kinds of
1211 which are described in detail in the next section, take the form
1227 They are also called funsubs (function substitutions) and behave like
1234 terminates the parent shell; shell options are shared.
1236 Another variant of substitution are the valsubs (value substitutions)
1238 which are also executed in the current environment, like funsubs, but
1246 substitution are generally subject to word or field splitting according to
1252 parameter specifies a list of octets which are used to break a string up
1256 octets are called
1309 The results of substitution are, unless otherwise specified, also subject to
1320 substitutions, normal quoting rules are used when
1363 Arithmetic substitutions are replaced by the value of the specified expression.
1371 Parameters are shell variables; they can be assigned values and their values
1389 That is, they are a 32-bit unsigned integer.
1424 this is the only way the special single character parameters are set.
1425 Second, parameters are imported from the shell's environment at startup.
1433 can be followed by a simple-command, in which case the assignments are in
1434 effect only for the duration of the command (such assignments are also
1441 is also recognised; the old and new values are immediately concatenated.
1474 commands, or by parameter assignments followed by simple commands) are put in
1555 is needed, parameter, command, arithmetic and tilde substitution are performed
1764 The following special parameters are implicitly set by the shell and cannot be
1815 outside of double quotes, parameters are separate words (which are subjected
1816 to word splitting); if used within double quotes, parameters are separated
1827 If there are no positional parameters, no word is generated.
1833 The following parameters are set and/or used by the shell:
1874 If this parameter is found to be set after any profile files are executed, the
1912 of several lines) are appended once they successfully compiled.
2052 A colon (semicolon on OS/2) separated list of directories that are
2072 substitutions are performed, and
2105 root-vs-user distinguishing clause are (in this example) executed at
2107 assignment time, while the $USER and $PWD are escaped
2121 Any occurrences of that character in the prompt are not printed.
2164 Used to prefix commands that are printed during execution tracing (see the
2167 Parameter, command and arithmetic substitutions are performed
2185 command if no names are given.
2200 The directory temporary shell files are created in.
2203 files are created in
2216 login names are also delimited by colons.
2223 if any, are assumed to be a login name.
2241 The home directory of previously expanded login names are cached and re-used.
2257 The expressions are expanded to
2273 words are not sorted.
2413 even if they are explicitly used in a [...] sequence; also, the names
2422 option is set, any directories that result from file name generation are marked
2427 error (file descriptors 0, 1 and 2, respectively) are normally inherited from
2429 Three exceptions to this are commands in pipelines, for which
2430 standard input and/or standard output are those set up by the pipeline,
2486 contains no quoted characters, the contents of the temporary file are processed
2488 parameter, command and arithmetic substitutions are performed, along with
2499 If multiple here documents are used on the same command line, they are saved in
2518 except leading tabs are stripped from lines in the here document.
2570 These are
2581 file name generation are all performed on the
2588 generation are only used if a single file is matched; if multiple files match,
2600 Redirections are processed after
2601 pipelines are created and in the order they are given, so the following
2606 File descriptors created by I/O redirections are private to the shell.
2622 Expressions are calculated using signed arithmetic and the
2665 Integer constants and expressions are calculated using an exactly 32-bit
2687 extension, numbers to the base of one are treated as either (8-bit
2702 In UTF-8 mode, raw octets are mapped into the range EF80..EFFF as in
2713 The operators are evaluated as follows:
2772 the result is 1 if both arguments are non-zero, 0 if not.
2782 Equal; the result is 1 if both arguments are equal, 0 if not.
2784 Not equal; the result is 0 if both arguments are equal, 1 if not.
2798 except that the bits shifted out at one end are shifted in
2881 Functions are defined using either Korn shell
2886 Functions are like
2891 in that they are executed in the current environment.
2942 Since functions are executed in the current shell environment, parameter
2943 assignments made inside functions are visible after the function completes.
2972 reserved word are treated differently in the following ways from functions
2981 Parameter assignments preceding function calls are not kept in the shell
2998 have local scope, i.e. changes inside a function are reset upon its exit.
3007 shell's traps and signals that are not ignored in the shell (but may be
3019 The checks are made in the above order.
3023 cause a non-interactive shell to exit, and parameter assignments that are
3024 specified before the command are kept after the command completes.
3025 Regular built-in commands are different only in that the
3031 and POSIX differ somewhat in which commands are considered
3047 Builtins that are not special:
3059 assignments are performed and exported for the duration of the command.
3074 If arguments are given, the positional parameters may be used to access them
3078 If no arguments are given, the positional parameters are
3111 Normally, aliases are listed as
3126 option causes directory aliases which are used in tilde expansion to be
3138 option indicates that tracked aliases are to be listed/set (values specified on
3139 the command line are ignored for tracked aliases).
3142 option indicates that all tracked aliases are to be reset.
3148 the export attribute of an alias, or, if no names are given, lists the aliases
3153 If no jobs are specified,
3161 The current bindings are listed.
3205 delete key on a BSD wsvt25, xterm\-xfree86 or GNU screen terminal are bound
3272 For calls from shell, if any options are given, an external
3339 parameters are updated to reflect the current and old working directory,
3385 exit, and command assignments are not permanent).
3400 For builtins, functions and keywords, their names are simply printed;
3445 command below for a list of other backslash sequences that are recognised.
3447 The options are provided for compatibility with
3470 The arguments are concatenated (with spaces between them) to form a single
3498 Any file descriptors greater than 2 which are opened or
3500 in this way are not made available to other executed commands (i.e. commands
3501 that are not built-in to the shell).
3519 Exported parameters are passed in the environment to executed commands.
3520 If values are specified, the named parameters are also assigned.
3523 If no parameters are specified, all parameters with the export attribute
3524 set are printed one per line; either their names, or, if a
3558 the selected commands are edited by the editor specified with the
3596 If no jobs are specified,
3609 parameters, if no arguments are given) and to check for legal options.
3698 Without arguments, any hashed executable command pathnames are listed.
3712 Display information about the specified job(s); if no jobs are specified, all
3713 jobs are displayed.
3756 If no arguments are specified, a list of all the signals with their numbers
3757 and a short description of each are printed.
3763 If all expressions are successfully evaluated, the exit status is 0 (1)
3822 option, are interpreted.
3824 The options are as follows:
3912 If no parameters are specified, the
3920 If there are more parameters than fields, the extra parameters are set to
3921 the empty string or 0; if there are more fields than parameters, the last
3924 The options are as follows:
3939 option is enacted, octets otherwise); the codepoints are
3957 bytes but return as soon as any bytes are read, e.g.\& from a
3983 This option enables raw mode, in which backslashes are not processed.
4017 If values are given,
4018 parameters are set to them before setting the attribute.
4022 If no parameters are specified, the names of all parameters with the read-only
4023 attribute are printed one per line, unless the
4027 commands defining all read-only parameters, including their values, are
4044 i.e. all but the last component exist and are directories.
4045 For calls from the shell, if any options are given, an external
4122 is used, the first N elements are set (where N is the number of arguments);
4123 the rest are left untouched.
4136 All new parameters are created with the export attribute.
4181 Parameter assignments are recognised anywhere in a command.
4203 If used when the shell is invoked, commands are read from standard input.
4263 Print command trees when they are executed, preceded by
4267 Background jobs are run with lower priority.
4350 mode (unless both are enabled at the same time).
4365 mode (unless both are enabled at the same time).
4398 will print the long names of all options that are currently on.
4405 Remaining arguments, if any, are positional parameters and are assigned, in
4409 and there are no remaining arguments, all positional parameters are cleared.
4410 If no options or arguments are given, the values of all names are printed.
4423 etc. are renamed to 1, 2, etc.
4463 Symbolic links are followed for all
4470 The following basic expressions are available:
4607 Strings are equal.
4609 Strings are equal.
4615 Strings are not equal.
4646 Note that some special rules are applied (courtesy of
4694 is given, the times used to execute the pipeline are reported.
4697 commands it has run since it was started, are reported.
4698 The times reported are the real time (elapsed time from start to finish),
4701 Times are reported to standard error; the format of the output is:
4750 all of which are treated as signals.
4757 is either an empty string, indicating the signals are to be ignored, a dash
4772 There are two special signals:
4784 handlers are executed in the environment of the last executed command.
4796 traps are cleared when subprocesses are created).
4804 traps in functions are not yet implemented.
4829 arguments, parameter attributes are displayed; if no options are used, the
4830 current attributes of all parameters are printed as
4835 attributes are printed; if options are introduced with
4837 parameter values are not printed.
4841 arguments are given, the attributes of the named parameters are set
4860 arguments are given,
4861 functions are listed with their values (i.e. definitions) unless
4862 options are introduced with
4864 in which case only the function names are reported.
4892 If necessary, values are either truncated or space padded
4896 All upper case ASCII characters in values are converted to lower case.
4919 This can be used by functions to access variables whose names are
4936 If necessary, values are either stripped of leading characters or space
4949 When functions with the trace attribute are executed, the
4955 Integers are printed as unsigned values (combine with the
4961 All lower case ASCII characters in values are converted to upper case.
4980 Parameters are placed in the environment of any executed commands.
5003 options are changed, all others from this set are cleared,
5004 unless they are also given on the same command line.
5012 If no options are used, the file size limit
5021 once they are set.
5022 Also note that the types of limits available are system
5030 is used, soft limits are displayed.
5137 Symbolic masks are like those used by
5153 The aliases for the given names are removed.
5156 option is used, all aliases are removed.
5161 options are used, the indicated operations are carried out on tracked or
5178 attributes are kept, only values are unset.
5206 If no jobs are specified,
5211 (this is not the case when jobs are explicitly specified).
5222 except aliases are not printed as alias command.
5245 as it is for interactive shells, the processes of a job are placed in their
5280 The most recently stopped job or, if there are no stopped jobs, the oldest
5292 (an error occurs if multiple jobs are matched).
5296 (an error occurs if multiple jobs are matched).
5344 If there are multiple processes in
5352 When an attempt is made to exit the shell while there are jobs in the stopped
5353 state, the shell warns the user that there are stopped jobs and does not exit.
5354 If another attempt is immediately made to exit the shell, the stopped jobs are
5360 option is not set and there are running jobs when an attempt is made to exit
5363 is immediately made to exit the shell, the running jobs are sent a
5398 or opinionated differences can be disabled by using this mode; these are:
5407 File descriptors created by I/O redirections are inherited by
5410 Numbers with a leading digit zero are interpreted as octal.
5440 cannot easily be fixed; the changes are as follows:
5449 File descriptors created by I/O redirections are inherited by
5512 If none of these options are enabled,
5524 These modes are described in detail in the following sections.
5534 character is displayed in the last column indicating that there are more
5539 Completed lines are pushed into the history, unless they begin with an
5540 IFS octet or IFS white space or are the same as the previous line.
5550 Several editing commands are bound to particular
5564 These control sequences are not case sensitive.
5573 Note that editing command names are used only with the
5576 Furthermore, many editing commands are useful only on terminals with
5584 their customary values are shown in parentheses below.
5596 Most ordinary characters are bound to this.
5633 pressed); otherwise, the existing comment characters are removed and the cursor
5803 File type indicators are appended as described under
5945 There are file name and command completion commands:
5967 Commands which don't make sense in a single line editor are not available
5977 there are two modes:
5982 In insert mode, most characters are simply put in the buffer at the
5983 current cursor position as they are typed; however, some characters are
5985 In particular, the following characters are taken from current
5990 and have their usual meaning (normal values are in parentheses): kill (\*(haU),
5993 the above, the following characters are also treated specially in insert mode:
6024 don't correspond to commands, are illegal combinations of commands, or are
6050 The following commands are not in, or are different from, the normal vi file
6385 end of the line are deleted and insert mode is entered.
6659 .\" or shortcut for mksh or mksh/Win32 or OS/2; distro patches are ok
6661 .\" Authors are Marshall Kirk McKusick (UCB), Rick Collette (ekkoBSD),
6665 .\" As far as MirBSD is concerned, the files themselves are free
6749 old entries into the new history if their line numbers are
6754 when multiple shells are accessing the file; the rollover process
6805 Any privilege pop-ups you might be encountering are thus not
6815 There are two different newline modes for mksh-os2: standard (Unix) mode,
6896 .Ss "What differences in function-local scopes are there?"
6943 .Ss "Are there any extensions to avoid?"
6970 in general, for packagers, etc. while these above are in user scope.