1 /*
2  * Copyright (c) 2004, Bull S.A..  All rights reserved.
3  * Created by: Sebastien Decugis
4 
5  * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
6  * under the terms of version 2 of the GNU General Public License as
7  * published by the Free Software Foundation.
8  *
9  * This program is distributed in the hope that it would be useful, but
10  * WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
11  * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
12  *
13  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
14  * with this program; if not, write the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
15  * 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
16 
17  * This file is a stress test for the function pthread_cond_timedwait.
18  *
19  * It aims to check the following assertion:
20  *  When a cancel request unblocks the thread,
21  *  it must not consume any pending condition signal request.
22 
23  * The steps are:
24  *  -> Create a bunch of threads waiting on a condvar.
25  *  -> At the same time (using a barrier) one thread is canceled and the condition is signaled.
26  *  -> Test checks that the cond signaling was not lost (at least one thread must have woken cleanly).
27  *  -> Then everything is cleaned up and started again.
28 
29  */
30 
31 /********************************************************************************************/
32 /****************************** standard includes *****************************************/
33 /********************************************************************************************/
34 #include <pthread.h>
35 #include <stdarg.h>
36 #include <stdio.h>
37 #include <stdlib.h>
38 #include <unistd.h>
39 
40 #include <errno.h>
41 #include <signal.h>
42 #include <string.h>
43 #include <time.h>
44 
45 /********************************************************************************************/
46 /******************************   Test framework   *****************************************/
47 /********************************************************************************************/
48 #include "testfrmw.h"
49 #include "testfrmw.c"
50  /* This header is responsible for defining the following macros:
51   * UNRESOLVED(ret, descr);
52   *    where descr is a description of the error and ret is an int (error code for example)
53   * FAILED(descr);
54   *    where descr is a short text saying why the test has failed.
55   * PASSED();
56   *    No parameter.
57   *
58   * Both three macros shall terminate the calling process.
59   * The testcase shall not terminate in any other maneer.
60   *
61   * The other file defines the functions
62   * void output_init()
63   * void output(char * string, ...)
64   *
65   * Those may be used to output information.
66   */
67 
68 /********************************************************************************************/
69 /********************************** Configuration ******************************************/
70 /********************************************************************************************/
71 #ifndef SCALABILITY_FACTOR
72 #define SCALABILITY_FACTOR 1
73 #endif
74 #ifndef VERBOSE
75 #define VERBOSE 1
76 #endif
77 
78 /* Size of the "bunch" of threads -- the real number will be 2 more threads per scenarii */
79 #define NCHILDREN (20)
80 
81 #define TIMEOUT  (60)
82 
83 #ifndef WITHOUT_ALTCLK
84 #define USE_ALTCLK		/* make tests with MONOTONIC CLOCK if supported */
85 #endif
86 
87 /********************************************************************************************/
88 /***********************************    Test case   *****************************************/
89 /********************************************************************************************/
90 
91 #ifdef WITHOUT_XOPEN
92 /* We define those to avoid compilation errors, but they won't be used */
93 #define PTHREAD_MUTEX_DEFAULT 0
94 #define PTHREAD_MUTEX_NORMAL 0
95 #define PTHREAD_MUTEX_ERRORCHECK 0
96 #define PTHREAD_MUTEX_RECURSIVE 0
97 
98 #endif
99 
100 struct _scenar {
101 	int m_type;		/* Mutex type to use */
102 	int mc_pshared;		/* 0: mutex and cond are process-private (default) ~ !0: Both are process-shared, if supported */
103 	int c_clock;		/* 0: cond uses the default clock. ~ !0: Cond uses monotonic clock, if supported. */
104 	int fork;		/* 0: Test between threads. ~ !0: Test across processes, if supported (mmap) */
105 	char *descr;		/* Case description */
106 } scenarii[] = {
107 	{
108 	PTHREAD_MUTEX_DEFAULT, 0, 0, 0, "Default mutex"}
109 	, {
110 	PTHREAD_MUTEX_NORMAL, 0, 0, 0, "Normal mutex"}
111 	, {
112 	PTHREAD_MUTEX_ERRORCHECK, 0, 0, 0, "Errorcheck mutex"}
113 	, {
114 	PTHREAD_MUTEX_RECURSIVE, 0, 0, 0, "Recursive mutex"}
115 
116 	, {
117 	PTHREAD_MUTEX_DEFAULT, 1, 0, 0, "PShared default mutex"}
118 	, {
119 	PTHREAD_MUTEX_NORMAL, 1, 0, 0, "Pshared normal mutex"}
120 	, {
121 	PTHREAD_MUTEX_ERRORCHECK, 1, 0, 0, "Pshared errorcheck mutex"}
122 	, {
123 	PTHREAD_MUTEX_RECURSIVE, 1, 0, 0, "Pshared recursive mutex"}
124 
125 	, {
126 	PTHREAD_MUTEX_DEFAULT, 1, 0, 1,
127 		    "Pshared default mutex across processes"}
128 	, {
129 	PTHREAD_MUTEX_NORMAL, 1, 0, 1,
130 		    "Pshared normal mutex across processes"}
131 	, {
132 	PTHREAD_MUTEX_ERRORCHECK, 1, 0, 1,
133 		    "Pshared errorcheck mutex across processes"}
134 	, {
135 	PTHREAD_MUTEX_RECURSIVE, 1, 0, 1,
136 		    "Pshared recursive mutex across processes"}
137 
138 #ifdef USE_ALTCLK
139 	, {
140 	PTHREAD_MUTEX_DEFAULT, 1, 1, 1,
141 		    "Pshared default mutex and alt clock condvar across processes"}
142 	, {
143 	PTHREAD_MUTEX_NORMAL, 1, 1, 1,
144 		    "Pshared normal mutex and alt clock condvar across processes"}
145 	, {
146 	PTHREAD_MUTEX_ERRORCHECK, 1, 1, 1,
147 		    "Pshared errorcheck mutex and alt clock condvar across processes"}
148 	, {
149 	PTHREAD_MUTEX_RECURSIVE, 1, 1, 1,
150 		    "Pshared recursive mutex and alt clock condvar across processes"}
151 
152 	, {
153 	PTHREAD_MUTEX_DEFAULT, 0, 1, 0,
154 		    "Default mutex and alt clock condvar"}
155 	, {
156 	PTHREAD_MUTEX_NORMAL, 0, 1, 0,
157 		    "Normal mutex and alt clock condvar"}
158 	, {
159 	PTHREAD_MUTEX_ERRORCHECK, 0, 1, 0,
160 		    "Errorcheck mutex and alt clock condvar"}
161 	, {
162 	PTHREAD_MUTEX_RECURSIVE, 0, 1, 0,
163 		    "Recursive mutex and alt clock condvar"}
164 
165 	, {
166 	PTHREAD_MUTEX_DEFAULT, 1, 1, 0,
167 		    "PShared default mutex and alt clock condvar"}
168 	, {
169 	PTHREAD_MUTEX_NORMAL, 1, 1, 0,
170 		    "Pshared normal mutex and alt clock condvar"}
171 	, {
172 	PTHREAD_MUTEX_ERRORCHECK, 1, 1, 0,
173 		    "Pshared errorcheck mutex and alt clock condvar"}
174 	, {
175 	PTHREAD_MUTEX_RECURSIVE, 1, 1, 0,
176 		    "Pshared recursive mutex and alt clock condvar"}
177 #endif
178 };
179 
180 #define NSCENAR (sizeof(scenarii)/sizeof(scenarii[0]))
181 
182 /* This is the shared structure for all threads related to the same condvar */
183 struct celldata {
184 	pthread_t workers[NCHILDREN * SCALABILITY_FACTOR + 2];
185 	pthread_t signaler;
186 
187 	pthread_barrier_t bar;
188 	pthread_mutex_t mtx;
189 	pthread_cond_t cnd;
190 	clockid_t cid;
191 
192 	int boolean;
193 	int count;
194 
195 	long canceled;
196 	long cancelfailed;
197 	long cnttotal;
198 } cells[NSCENAR * SCALABILITY_FACTOR];
199 
200 char do_it = 1;
201 pthread_attr_t ta;
202 
cleanup(void * arg)203 void cleanup(void *arg)
204 {
205 	int ret;
206 	struct celldata *cd = (struct celldata *)arg;
207 
208 	/* Unlock the mutex */
209 	ret = pthread_mutex_unlock(&(cd->mtx));
210 	if (ret != 0) {
211 		UNRESOLVED(ret, "Failed to unlock mutex in cancel handler");
212 	}
213 
214 }
215 
worker(void * arg)216 void *worker(void *arg)
217 {
218 	int ret;
219 	struct celldata *cd = (struct celldata *)arg;
220 	struct timespec ts;
221 
222 	/* lock the mutex */
223 	ret = pthread_mutex_lock(&(cd->mtx));
224 	if (ret != 0) {
225 		UNRESOLVED(ret, "Unable to lock mutex in worker");
226 	}
227 
228 	/* Tell the cellmaster we are ready (count++) */
229 	cd->count += 1;
230 
231 	/* Timeout = now + TIMEOUT */
232 	ret = clock_gettime(cd->cid, &ts);
233 	if (ret != 0) {
234 		UNRESOLVED(errno, "Gettime failed");
235 	}
236 	ts.tv_sec += TIMEOUT * SCALABILITY_FACTOR;
237 
238 	/* register cleanup handler */
239 	pthread_cleanup_push(cleanup, arg);
240 
241 	do {
242 		/* cond timedwait (while boolean == false) */
243 		ret = pthread_cond_timedwait(&(cd->cnd), &(cd->mtx), &ts);
244 
245 		/* if timeout => failed (lost signal) */
246 		if (ret == ETIMEDOUT) {
247 			FAILED
248 			    ("Timeout occured. A condition signal was probably lost.");
249 		}
250 
251 		if (ret != 0) {
252 			UNRESOLVED(ret, "Cond timedwait failed");
253 		}
254 
255 	} while (cd->boolean == 0);
256 
257 	/* broadcast the condition */
258 	ret = pthread_cond_broadcast(&(cd->cnd));
259 	if (ret != 0) {
260 		UNRESOLVED(ret, "Broadcasting the condition failed");
261 	}
262 
263 	/* unregister the cleanup */
264 	pthread_cleanup_pop(0);
265 
266 	/* unlock the mutex */
267 	ret = pthread_mutex_unlock(&(cd->mtx));
268 	if (ret != 0) {
269 		UNRESOLVED(ret, "Unable to unlock the mutex");
270 	}
271 
272 	return NULL;
273 }
274 
signaler(void * arg)275 void *signaler(void *arg)
276 {
277 	int ret;
278 	struct celldata *cd = (struct celldata *)arg;
279 
280 	/* Lock the mutex if required */
281 	if (cd->boolean == -1) {
282 		ret = pthread_mutex_lock(&(cd->mtx));
283 		if (ret != 0) {
284 			UNRESOLVED(ret, "mutex lock failed in signaler");
285 		}
286 	}
287 
288 	/* wait the barrier */
289 	ret = pthread_barrier_wait(&(cd->bar));
290 	if ((ret != 0) && (ret != PTHREAD_BARRIER_SERIAL_THREAD)) {
291 		UNRESOLVED(ret, "Barrier wait failed");
292 	}
293 
294 	/* signal the cond */
295 	ret = pthread_cond_signal(&(cd->cnd));
296 	if (ret != 0) {
297 		UNRESOLVED(ret, "Signaling the cond failed");
298 	}
299 
300 	/* Unlock the mutex if required */
301 	if (cd->boolean == -1) {
302 		ret = pthread_mutex_unlock(&(cd->mtx));
303 		if (ret != 0) {
304 			UNRESOLVED(ret, "mutex unlock failed in signaler");
305 		}
306 	}
307 
308 	return NULL;
309 }
310 
cellmanager(void * arg)311 void *cellmanager(void *arg)
312 {
313 	int ret, i;
314 	struct celldata *cd = (struct celldata *)arg;
315 	struct timespec ts;
316 	int randval;
317 	void *w_ret;
318 
319 	cd->canceled = 0;
320 	cd->cancelfailed = 0;
321 	cd->cnttotal = 0;
322 
323 	/* while do_it */
324 	while (do_it) {
325 		/* Initialize some stuff */
326 		cd->boolean = 0;
327 		cd->count = 0;
328 		cd->cnttotal += 1;
329 
330 		/* create the workers */
331 		for (i = 0; i < NCHILDREN * SCALABILITY_FACTOR + 2; i++) {
332 			ret =
333 			    pthread_create(&(cd->workers[i]), &ta, worker, arg);
334 			if (ret != 0) {
335 				UNRESOLVED(ret,
336 					   "Unable to create enough threads");
337 			}
338 		}
339 
340 		/* choose a (pseudo) random thread to cancel */
341 		ret = clock_gettime(cd->cid, &ts);
342 		if (ret != 0) {
343 			UNRESOLVED(errno, "Failed to read clock");
344 		}
345 		randval =
346 		    (ts.tv_sec +
347 		     (ts.tv_nsec >> 10)) % (NCHILDREN * SCALABILITY_FACTOR + 2);
348 
349 		/* wait for the workers to be ready */
350 		do {
351 			ret = pthread_mutex_lock(&(cd->mtx));
352 			if (ret != 0) {
353 				UNRESOLVED(ret, "Mutex lock failed");
354 			}
355 
356 			i = cd->count;
357 
358 			ret = pthread_mutex_unlock(&(cd->mtx));
359 			if (ret != 0) {
360 				UNRESOLVED(ret, "Mutex unlock failed");
361 			}
362 		} while (i < NCHILDREN * SCALABILITY_FACTOR + 2);
363 
364 		/* Set the boolean (1 => no lock in signaler; -1 => lock) */
365 		cd->boolean = (ts.tv_sec & 1) ? -1 : 1;
366 
367 		/* create the signaler */
368 		ret = pthread_create(&(cd->signaler), &ta, signaler, arg);
369 		if (ret != 0) {
370 			UNRESOLVED(ret, "Failed to create signaler thread");
371 		}
372 
373 		/* wait the barrier */
374 		ret = pthread_barrier_wait(&(cd->bar));
375 		if ((ret != 0) && (ret != PTHREAD_BARRIER_SERIAL_THREAD)) {
376 			UNRESOLVED(ret, "Failed to wait for the barrier");
377 		}
378 
379 		/* cancel the chosen thread */
380 		ret = pthread_cancel(cd->workers[randval]);
381 
382 		/* it is possible the thread is already terminated -- so we don't stop on error */
383 		if (ret != 0) {
384 #if VERBOSE > 2
385 			output("%d\n", randval);
386 #endif
387 			cd->cancelfailed += 1;
388 		}
389 
390 		/* join every threads */
391 		ret = pthread_join(cd->signaler, NULL);
392 		if (ret != 0) {
393 			UNRESOLVED(ret, "Failed to join the signaler thread");
394 		}
395 
396 		for (i = 0; i < NCHILDREN * SCALABILITY_FACTOR + 2; i++) {
397 			ret = pthread_join(cd->workers[i], &w_ret);
398 			if (ret != 0) {
399 				UNRESOLVED(ret, "Unable to join a worker");
400 			}
401 			if (w_ret == PTHREAD_CANCELED)
402 				cd->canceled += 1;
403 		}
404 	}
405 
406 	return NULL;
407 }
408 
sighdl(int sig)409 void sighdl(int sig)
410 {
411 	/* do_it = 0 */
412 	do {
413 		do_it = 0;
414 	}
415 	while (do_it);
416 }
417 
main(int argc,char * argv[])418 int main(int argc, char *argv[])
419 {
420 	int ret, i, j;
421 	struct sigaction sa;
422 
423 	pthread_mutexattr_t ma;
424 	pthread_condattr_t ca;
425 	clockid_t cid = CLOCK_REALTIME;
426 	long canceled = 0;
427 	long cancelfailed = 0;
428 	long cnttotal = 0;
429 
430 	long pshared, monotonic, cs;
431 
432 	pthread_t mngrs[NSCENAR * SCALABILITY_FACTOR];
433 
434 	output_init();
435 
436 	/* check the system abilities */
437 	pshared = sysconf(_SC_THREAD_PROCESS_SHARED);
438 	cs = sysconf(_SC_CLOCK_SELECTION);
439 	monotonic = sysconf(_SC_MONOTONIC_CLOCK);
440 
441 #if VERBOSE > 0
442 	output("Test starting\n");
443 	output("System abilities:\n");
444 	output(" TPS : %li\n", pshared);
445 	output(" CS  : %li\n", cs);
446 	output(" MON : %li\n", monotonic);
447 	if ((cs < 0) || (monotonic < 0))
448 		output("Alternative clock won't be tested\n");
449 #endif
450 
451 	if (monotonic < 0)
452 		cs = -1;
453 
454 #ifndef USE_ALTCLK
455 	if (cs > 0)
456 		output
457 		    ("Implementation supports the MONOTONIC CLOCK but option is disabled in test.\n");
458 #endif
459 
460 	/* Initialize the celldatas according to scenarii */
461 	for (i = 0; i < NSCENAR; i++) {
462 #if VERBOSE > 1
463 		output("[parent] Preparing attributes for: %s\n",
464 		       scenarii[i].descr);
465 #ifdef WITHOUT_XOPEN
466 		output("[parent] Mutex attributes DISABLED -> not used\n");
467 #endif
468 #endif
469 
470 		/* set / reset everything */
471 		ret = pthread_mutexattr_init(&ma);
472 		if (ret != 0) {
473 			UNRESOLVED(ret,
474 				   "[parent] Unable to initialize the mutex attribute object");
475 		}
476 		ret = pthread_condattr_init(&ca);
477 		if (ret != 0) {
478 			UNRESOLVED(ret,
479 				   "[parent] Unable to initialize the cond attribute object");
480 		}
481 #ifndef WITHOUT_XOPEN
482 		/* Set the mutex type */
483 		ret = pthread_mutexattr_settype(&ma, scenarii[i].m_type);
484 		if (ret != 0) {
485 			UNRESOLVED(ret, "[parent] Unable to set mutex type");
486 		}
487 #if VERBOSE > 1
488 		output("[parent] Mutex type : %i\n", scenarii[i].m_type);
489 #endif
490 #endif
491 
492 		/* Set the pshared attributes, if supported */
493 		if ((pshared > 0) && (scenarii[i].mc_pshared != 0)) {
494 			ret =
495 			    pthread_mutexattr_setpshared(&ma,
496 							 PTHREAD_PROCESS_SHARED);
497 			if (ret != 0) {
498 				UNRESOLVED(ret,
499 					   "[parent] Unable to set the mutex process-shared");
500 			}
501 			ret =
502 			    pthread_condattr_setpshared(&ca,
503 							PTHREAD_PROCESS_SHARED);
504 			if (ret != 0) {
505 				UNRESOLVED(ret,
506 					   "[parent] Unable to set the cond var process-shared");
507 			}
508 #if VERBOSE > 1
509 			output("[parent] Mutex & cond are process-shared\n");
510 #endif
511 		}
512 #if VERBOSE > 1
513 		else {
514 			output("[parent] Mutex & cond are process-private\n");
515 		}
516 #endif
517 
518 		/* Set the alternative clock, if supported */
519 #ifdef USE_ALTCLK
520 		if ((cs > 0) && (scenarii[i].c_clock != 0)) {
521 			ret = pthread_condattr_setclock(&ca, CLOCK_MONOTONIC);
522 			if (ret != 0) {
523 				UNRESOLVED(ret,
524 					   "[parent] Unable to set the monotonic clock for the cond");
525 			}
526 #if VERBOSE > 1
527 			output("[parent] Cond uses the Monotonic clock\n");
528 #endif
529 		}
530 #if VERBOSE > 1
531 		else {
532 			output("[parent] Cond uses the default clock\n");
533 		}
534 #endif
535 		ret = pthread_condattr_getclock(&ca, &cid);
536 		if (ret != 0) {
537 			UNRESOLVED(ret, "Unable to get clock from cond attr");
538 		}
539 #endif
540 
541 		/* Initialize all the mutex and condvars which uses those attributes */
542 		for (j = 0; j < SCALABILITY_FACTOR; j++) {
543 			cells[i + j * NSCENAR].cid = cid;
544 
545 			/* initialize the condvar */
546 			ret =
547 			    pthread_cond_init(&(cells[i + j * NSCENAR].cnd),
548 					      &ca);
549 			if (ret != 0) {
550 				UNRESOLVED(ret, "Cond init failed");
551 			}
552 
553 			/* initialize the mutex */
554 			ret =
555 			    pthread_mutex_init(&(cells[i + j * NSCENAR].mtx),
556 					       &ma);
557 			if (ret != 0) {
558 				UNRESOLVED(ret, "Mutex init failed");
559 			}
560 
561 			/* initialize the barrier */
562 			ret =
563 			    pthread_barrier_init(&(cells[i + j * NSCENAR].bar),
564 						 NULL, 2);
565 			if (ret != 0) {
566 				UNRESOLVED(ret, "Failed to init barrier");
567 			}
568 		}
569 
570 		ret = pthread_condattr_destroy(&ca);
571 		if (ret != 0) {
572 			UNRESOLVED(ret,
573 				   "Failed to destroy the cond var attribute object");
574 		}
575 
576 		ret = pthread_mutexattr_destroy(&ma);
577 		if (ret != 0) {
578 			UNRESOLVED(ret,
579 				   "Failed to destroy the mutex attribute object");
580 		}
581 	}
582 #if VERBOSE > 1
583 	output("[parent] All condvars & mutex are ready\n");
584 #endif
585 
586 	/* register the signal handler */
587 	sigemptyset(&sa.sa_mask);
588 	sa.sa_flags = 0;
589 	sa.sa_handler = sighdl;
590 	if ((ret = sigaction(SIGUSR1, &sa, NULL))) {
591 		UNRESOLVED(ret, "Unable to register signal handler");
592 	}
593 #if VERBOSE > 1
594 	output("[parent] Signal handler registered\n");
595 #endif
596 
597 	/* Initialize the thread attribute object */
598 	ret = pthread_attr_init(&ta);
599 	if (ret != 0) {
600 		UNRESOLVED(ret,
601 			   "[parent] Failed to initialize a thread attribute object");
602 	}
603 	ret = pthread_attr_setstacksize(&ta, sysconf(_SC_THREAD_STACK_MIN));
604 	if (ret != 0) {
605 		UNRESOLVED(ret, "[parent] Failed to set thread stack size");
606 	}
607 
608 	/* create the NSCENAR * SCALABILITY_FACTOR manager threads */
609 	for (i = 0; i < NSCENAR * SCALABILITY_FACTOR; i++) {
610 		ret = pthread_create(&mngrs[i], &ta, cellmanager, &(cells[i]));
611 		/* In case of failure we can exit; the child process will die after a while */
612 		if (ret != 0) {
613 			UNRESOLVED(ret, "[Parent] Failed to create a thread");
614 		}
615 #if VERBOSE > 1
616 		if ((i % 4) == 0)
617 			output("[parent] %i manager threads created...\n",
618 			       i + 1);
619 #endif
620 	}
621 
622 #if VERBOSE > 1
623 	output("[parent] All %i manager threads are running...\n",
624 	       NSCENAR * SCALABILITY_FACTOR);
625 #endif
626 
627 	/* join the manager threads and destroy the cells */
628 	for (i = 0; i < NSCENAR * SCALABILITY_FACTOR; i++) {
629 		ret = pthread_join(mngrs[i], NULL);
630 		if (ret != 0) {
631 			UNRESOLVED(ret, "[Parent] Failed to join a thread");
632 		}
633 
634 		canceled += cells[i].canceled;
635 		cancelfailed += cells[i].cancelfailed;
636 		cnttotal += cells[i].cnttotal;
637 
638 		ret = pthread_barrier_destroy(&(cells[i].bar));
639 		if (ret != 0) {
640 			UNRESOLVED(ret, "Failed to destroy a barrier");
641 		}
642 
643 		ret = pthread_cond_destroy(&(cells[i].cnd));
644 		if (ret != 0) {
645 			UNRESOLVED(ret, "Failed to destroy a cond");
646 		}
647 
648 		ret = pthread_mutex_destroy(&(cells[i].mtx));
649 		if (ret != 0) {
650 			UNRESOLVED(ret, "Failed to destroy a mutex");
651 		}
652 	}
653 
654 	/* exit */
655 #if VERBOSE > 0
656 	output("Test passed\n");
657 	output("  Total loops          : %8li\n", cnttotal);
658 #endif
659 #if VERBOSE > 1
660 	output("  Failed cancel request: %8li\n", cancelfailed);
661 	output("  Canceled threads     : %8li\n", canceled);
662 #endif
663 
664 	PASSED;
665 }
666