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25 
26 /*
27  * This file is available under and governed by the GNU General Public
28  * License version 2 only, as published by the Free Software Foundation.
29  * However, the following notice accompanied the original version of this
30  * file:
31  *
32  * Copyright (c) 2007-2012, Stephen Colebourne & Michael Nascimento Santos
33  *
34  * All rights reserved.
35  *
36  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
37  * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
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47  *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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62 package java.time;
63 
64 import java.io.DataOutput;
65 import java.io.IOException;
66 import java.io.InvalidObjectException;
67 import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
68 import java.io.Serializable;
69 import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatterBuilder;
70 import java.time.format.TextStyle;
71 import java.time.temporal.TemporalAccessor;
72 import java.time.temporal.TemporalField;
73 import java.time.temporal.TemporalQueries;
74 import java.time.temporal.TemporalQuery;
75 import java.time.temporal.UnsupportedTemporalTypeException;
76 import java.time.zone.ZoneRules;
77 import java.time.zone.ZoneRulesException;
78 import java.time.zone.ZoneRulesProvider;
79 import java.util.HashSet;
80 import java.util.Locale;
81 import java.util.Map;
82 import java.util.Objects;
83 import java.util.Set;
84 import java.util.TimeZone;
85 
86 import static java.util.Map.entry;
87 
88 // Android-changed: removed ValueBased paragraph.
89 // Android-changed: removed {@link ZoneRulesProvider}.
90 /**
91  * A time-zone ID, such as {@code Europe/Paris}.
92  * <p>
93  * A {@code ZoneId} is used to identify the rules used to convert between
94  * an {@link Instant} and a {@link LocalDateTime}.
95  * There are two distinct types of ID:
96  * <ul>
97  * <li>Fixed offsets - a fully resolved offset from UTC/Greenwich, that uses
98  *  the same offset for all local date-times
99  * <li>Geographical regions - an area where a specific set of rules for finding
100  *  the offset from UTC/Greenwich apply
101  * </ul>
102  * Most fixed offsets are represented by {@link ZoneOffset}.
103  * Calling {@link #normalized()} on any {@code ZoneId} will ensure that a
104  * fixed offset ID will be represented as a {@code ZoneOffset}.
105  * <p>
106  * The actual rules, describing when and how the offset changes, are defined by {@link ZoneRules}.
107  * This class is simply an ID used to obtain the underlying rules.
108  * This approach is taken because rules are defined by governments and change
109  * frequently, whereas the ID is stable.
110  * <p>
111  * The distinction has other effects. Serializing the {@code ZoneId} will only send
112  * the ID, whereas serializing the rules sends the entire data set.
113  * Similarly, a comparison of two IDs only examines the ID, whereas
114  * a comparison of two rules examines the entire data set.
115  *
116  * <h2>Time-zone IDs</h2>
117  * The ID is unique within the system.
118  * There are three types of ID.
119  * <p>
120  * The simplest type of ID is that from {@code ZoneOffset}.
121  * This consists of 'Z' and IDs starting with '+' or '-'.
122  * <p>
123  * The next type of ID are offset-style IDs with some form of prefix,
124  * such as 'GMT+2' or 'UTC+01:00'.
125  * The recognised prefixes are 'UTC', 'GMT' and 'UT'.
126  * The offset is the suffix and will be normalized during creation.
127  * These IDs can be normalized to a {@code ZoneOffset} using {@code normalized()}.
128  * <p>
129  * The third type of ID are region-based IDs. A region-based ID must be of
130  * two or more characters, and not start with 'UTC', 'GMT', 'UT' '+' or '-'.
131  * Region-based IDs are defined by configuration.
132  * The configuration focuses on providing the lookup from the ID to the
133  * underlying {@code ZoneRules}.
134  * <p>
135  * Time-zone rules are defined by governments and change frequently.
136  * There are a number of organizations, known here as groups, that monitor
137  * time-zone changes and collate them.
138  * The default group is the IANA Time Zone Database (TZDB).
139  * Other organizations include IATA (the airline industry body) and Microsoft.
140  * <p>
141  * Each group defines its own format for the region ID it provides.
142  * The TZDB group defines IDs such as 'Europe/London' or 'America/New_York'.
143  * TZDB IDs take precedence over other groups.
144  * <p>
145  * It is strongly recommended that the group name is included in all IDs supplied by
146  * groups other than TZDB to avoid conflicts. For example, IATA airline time-zone
147  * region IDs are typically the same as the three letter airport code.
148  * However, the airport of Utrecht has the code 'UTC', which is obviously a conflict.
149  * The recommended format for region IDs from groups other than TZDB is 'group~region'.
150  * Thus if IATA data were defined, Utrecht airport would be 'IATA~UTC'.
151  *
152  * <h2>Serialization</h2>
153  * This class can be serialized and stores the string zone ID in the external form.
154  * The {@code ZoneOffset} subclass uses a dedicated format that only stores the
155  * offset from UTC/Greenwich.
156  * <p>
157  * A {@code ZoneId} can be deserialized in a Java Runtime where the ID is unknown.
158  * For example, if a server-side Java Runtime has been updated with a new zone ID, but
159  * the client-side Java Runtime has not been updated. In this case, the {@code ZoneId}
160  * object will exist, and can be queried using {@code getId}, {@code equals},
161  * {@code hashCode}, {@code toString}, {@code getDisplayName} and {@code normalized}.
162  * However, any call to {@code getRules} will fail with {@code ZoneRulesException}.
163  * This approach is designed to allow a {@link ZonedDateTime} to be loaded and
164  * queried, but not modified, on a Java Runtime with incomplete time-zone information.
165  *
166  * @implSpec
167  * This abstract class has two implementations, both of which are immutable and thread-safe.
168  * One implementation models region-based IDs, the other is {@code ZoneOffset} modelling
169  * offset-based IDs. This difference is visible in serialization.
170  *
171  * @since 1.8
172  */
173 public abstract class ZoneId implements Serializable {
174 
175     /**
176      * A map of zone overrides to enable the short time-zone names to be used.
177      * <p>
178      * Use of short zone IDs has been deprecated in {@code java.util.TimeZone}.
179      * This map allows the IDs to continue to be used via the
180      * {@link #of(String, Map)} factory method.
181      * <p>
182      * This map contains a mapping of the IDs that is in line with TZDB 2005r and
183      * later, where 'EST', 'MST' and 'HST' map to IDs which do not include daylight
184      * savings.
185      * <p>
186      * This maps as follows:
187      * <ul>
188      * <li>EST - -05:00</li>
189      * <li>HST - -10:00</li>
190      * <li>MST - -07:00</li>
191      * <li>ACT - Australia/Darwin</li>
192      * <li>AET - Australia/Sydney</li>
193      * <li>AGT - America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires</li>
194      * <li>ART - Africa/Cairo</li>
195      * <li>AST - America/Anchorage</li>
196      * <li>BET - America/Sao_Paulo</li>
197      * <li>BST - Asia/Dhaka</li>
198      * <li>CAT - Africa/Harare</li>
199      * <li>CNT - America/St_Johns</li>
200      * <li>CST - America/Chicago</li>
201      * <li>CTT - Asia/Shanghai</li>
202      * <li>EAT - Africa/Addis_Ababa</li>
203      * <li>ECT - Europe/Paris</li>
204      * <li>IET - America/Indiana/Indianapolis</li>
205      * <li>IST - Asia/Kolkata</li>
206      * <li>JST - Asia/Tokyo</li>
207      * <li>MIT - Pacific/Apia</li>
208      * <li>NET - Asia/Yerevan</li>
209      * <li>NST - Pacific/Auckland</li>
210      * <li>PLT - Asia/Karachi</li>
211      * <li>PNT - America/Phoenix</li>
212      * <li>PRT - America/Puerto_Rico</li>
213      * <li>PST - America/Los_Angeles</li>
214      * <li>SST - Pacific/Guadalcanal</li>
215      * <li>VST - Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh</li>
216      * </ul>
217      * The map is unmodifiable.
218      */
219     public static final Map<String, String> SHORT_IDS = Map.ofEntries(
220         entry("ACT", "Australia/Darwin"),
221         entry("AET", "Australia/Sydney"),
222         entry("AGT", "America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires"),
223         entry("ART", "Africa/Cairo"),
224         entry("AST", "America/Anchorage"),
225         entry("BET", "America/Sao_Paulo"),
226         entry("BST", "Asia/Dhaka"),
227         entry("CAT", "Africa/Harare"),
228         entry("CNT", "America/St_Johns"),
229         entry("CST", "America/Chicago"),
230         entry("CTT", "Asia/Shanghai"),
231         entry("EAT", "Africa/Addis_Ababa"),
232         entry("ECT", "Europe/Paris"),
233         entry("IET", "America/Indiana/Indianapolis"),
234         entry("IST", "Asia/Kolkata"),
235         entry("JST", "Asia/Tokyo"),
236         entry("MIT", "Pacific/Apia"),
237         entry("NET", "Asia/Yerevan"),
238         entry("NST", "Pacific/Auckland"),
239         entry("PLT", "Asia/Karachi"),
240         entry("PNT", "America/Phoenix"),
241         entry("PRT", "America/Puerto_Rico"),
242         entry("PST", "America/Los_Angeles"),
243         entry("SST", "Pacific/Guadalcanal"),
244         entry("VST", "Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh"),
245         entry("EST", "-05:00"),
246         entry("MST", "-07:00"),
247         entry("HST", "-10:00")
248     );
249     /**
250      * Serialization version.
251      */
252     @java.io.Serial
253     private static final long serialVersionUID = 8352817235686L;
254 
255     //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
256     /**
257      * Gets the system default time-zone.
258      * <p>
259      * This queries {@link TimeZone#getDefault()} to find the default time-zone
260      * and converts it to a {@code ZoneId}. If the system default time-zone is changed,
261      * then the result of this method will also change.
262      *
263      * @return the zone ID, not null
264      * @throws DateTimeException if the converted zone ID has an invalid format
265      * @throws ZoneRulesException if the converted zone region ID cannot be found
266      */
systemDefault()267     public static ZoneId systemDefault() {
268         return TimeZone.getDefault().toZoneId();
269     }
270 
271     /**
272      * Gets the set of available zone IDs.
273      * <p>
274      * This set includes the string form of all available region-based IDs.
275      * Offset-based zone IDs are not included in the returned set.
276      * The ID can be passed to {@link #of(String)} to create a {@code ZoneId}.
277      * <p>
278      * The set of zone IDs can increase over time, although in a typical application
279      * the set of IDs is fixed. Each call to this method is thread-safe.
280      *
281      * @return a modifiable copy of the set of zone IDs, not null
282      */
getAvailableZoneIds()283     public static Set<String> getAvailableZoneIds() {
284         return new HashSet<String>(ZoneRulesProvider.getAvailableZoneIds());
285     }
286 
287     //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
288     /**
289      * Obtains an instance of {@code ZoneId} using its ID using a map
290      * of aliases to supplement the standard zone IDs.
291      * <p>
292      * Many users of time-zones use short abbreviations, such as PST for
293      * 'Pacific Standard Time' and PDT for 'Pacific Daylight Time'.
294      * These abbreviations are not unique, and so cannot be used as IDs.
295      * This method allows a map of string to time-zone to be setup and reused
296      * within an application.
297      *
298      * @param zoneId  the time-zone ID, not null
299      * @param aliasMap  a map of alias zone IDs (typically abbreviations) to real zone IDs, not null
300      * @return the zone ID, not null
301      * @throws DateTimeException if the zone ID has an invalid format
302      * @throws ZoneRulesException if the zone ID is a region ID that cannot be found
303      */
of(String zoneId, Map<String, String> aliasMap)304     public static ZoneId of(String zoneId, Map<String, String> aliasMap) {
305         Objects.requireNonNull(zoneId, "zoneId");
306         Objects.requireNonNull(aliasMap, "aliasMap");
307         String id = Objects.requireNonNullElse(aliasMap.get(zoneId), zoneId);
308         return of(id);
309     }
310 
311     /**
312      * Obtains an instance of {@code ZoneId} from an ID ensuring that the
313      * ID is valid and available for use.
314      * <p>
315      * This method parses the ID producing a {@code ZoneId} or {@code ZoneOffset}.
316      * A {@code ZoneOffset} is returned if the ID is 'Z', or starts with '+' or '-'.
317      * The result will always be a valid ID for which {@link ZoneRules} can be obtained.
318      * <p>
319      * Parsing matches the zone ID step by step as follows.
320      * <ul>
321      * <li>If the zone ID equals 'Z', the result is {@code ZoneOffset.UTC}.
322      * <li>If the zone ID consists of a single letter, the zone ID is invalid
323      *  and {@code DateTimeException} is thrown.
324      * <li>If the zone ID starts with '+' or '-', the ID is parsed as a
325      *  {@code ZoneOffset} using {@link ZoneOffset#of(String)}.
326      * <li>If the zone ID equals 'GMT', 'UTC' or 'UT' then the result is a {@code ZoneId}
327      *  with the same ID and rules equivalent to {@code ZoneOffset.UTC}.
328      * <li>If the zone ID starts with 'UTC+', 'UTC-', 'GMT+', 'GMT-', 'UT+' or 'UT-'
329      *  then the ID is a prefixed offset-based ID. The ID is split in two, with
330      *  a two or three letter prefix and a suffix starting with the sign.
331      *  The suffix is parsed as a {@link ZoneOffset#of(String) ZoneOffset}.
332      *  The result will be a {@code ZoneId} with the specified UTC/GMT/UT prefix
333      *  and the normalized offset ID as per {@link ZoneOffset#getId()}.
334      *  The rules of the returned {@code ZoneId} will be equivalent to the
335      *  parsed {@code ZoneOffset}.
336      * <li>All other IDs are parsed as region-based zone IDs. Region IDs must
337      *  match the regular expression {@code [A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9~/._+-]+}
338      *  otherwise a {@code DateTimeException} is thrown. If the zone ID is not
339      *  in the configured set of IDs, {@code ZoneRulesException} is thrown.
340      *  The detailed format of the region ID depends on the group supplying the data.
341      *  The default set of data is supplied by the IANA Time Zone Database (TZDB).
342      *  This has region IDs of the form '{area}/{city}', such as 'Europe/Paris' or 'America/New_York'.
343      *  This is compatible with most IDs from {@link java.util.TimeZone}.
344      * </ul>
345      *
346      * @param zoneId  the time-zone ID, not null
347      * @return the zone ID, not null
348      * @throws DateTimeException if the zone ID has an invalid format
349      * @throws ZoneRulesException if the zone ID is a region ID that cannot be found
350      */
of(String zoneId)351     public static ZoneId of(String zoneId) {
352         return of(zoneId, true);
353     }
354 
355     /**
356      * Obtains an instance of {@code ZoneId} wrapping an offset.
357      * <p>
358      * If the prefix is "GMT", "UTC", or "UT" a {@code ZoneId}
359      * with the prefix and the non-zero offset is returned.
360      * If the prefix is empty {@code ""} the {@code ZoneOffset} is returned.
361      *
362      * @param prefix  the time-zone ID, not null
363      * @param offset  the offset, not null
364      * @return the zone ID, not null
365      * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the prefix is not one of
366      *     "GMT", "UTC", or "UT", or ""
367      */
ofOffset(String prefix, ZoneOffset offset)368     public static ZoneId ofOffset(String prefix, ZoneOffset offset) {
369         Objects.requireNonNull(prefix, "prefix");
370         Objects.requireNonNull(offset, "offset");
371         if (prefix.isEmpty()) {
372             return offset;
373         }
374 
375         if (!prefix.equals("GMT") && !prefix.equals("UTC") && !prefix.equals("UT")) {
376              throw new IllegalArgumentException("prefix should be GMT, UTC or UT, is: " + prefix);
377         }
378 
379         if (offset.getTotalSeconds() != 0) {
380             prefix = prefix.concat(offset.getId());
381         }
382         return new ZoneRegion(prefix, offset.getRules());
383     }
384 
385     /**
386      * Parses the ID, taking a flag to indicate whether {@code ZoneRulesException}
387      * should be thrown or not, used in deserialization.
388      *
389      * @param zoneId  the time-zone ID, not null
390      * @param checkAvailable  whether to check if the zone ID is available
391      * @return the zone ID, not null
392      * @throws DateTimeException if the ID format is invalid
393      * @throws ZoneRulesException if checking availability and the ID cannot be found
394      */
of(String zoneId, boolean checkAvailable)395     static ZoneId of(String zoneId, boolean checkAvailable) {
396         Objects.requireNonNull(zoneId, "zoneId");
397         if (zoneId.length() <= 1 || zoneId.startsWith("+") || zoneId.startsWith("-")) {
398             return ZoneOffset.of(zoneId);
399         } else if (zoneId.startsWith("UTC") || zoneId.startsWith("GMT")) {
400             return ofWithPrefix(zoneId, 3, checkAvailable);
401         } else if (zoneId.startsWith("UT")) {
402             return ofWithPrefix(zoneId, 2, checkAvailable);
403         }
404         return ZoneRegion.ofId(zoneId, checkAvailable);
405     }
406 
407     /**
408      * Parse once a prefix is established.
409      *
410      * @param zoneId  the time-zone ID, not null
411      * @param prefixLength  the length of the prefix, 2 or 3
412      * @return the zone ID, not null
413      * @throws DateTimeException if the zone ID has an invalid format
414      */
ofWithPrefix(String zoneId, int prefixLength, boolean checkAvailable)415     private static ZoneId ofWithPrefix(String zoneId, int prefixLength, boolean checkAvailable) {
416         String prefix = zoneId.substring(0, prefixLength);
417         if (zoneId.length() == prefixLength) {
418             return ofOffset(prefix, ZoneOffset.UTC);
419         }
420         if (zoneId.charAt(prefixLength) != '+' && zoneId.charAt(prefixLength) != '-') {
421             return ZoneRegion.ofId(zoneId, checkAvailable);  // drop through to ZoneRulesProvider
422         }
423         try {
424             ZoneOffset offset = ZoneOffset.of(zoneId.substring(prefixLength));
425             if (offset == ZoneOffset.UTC) {
426                 return ofOffset(prefix, offset);
427             }
428             return ofOffset(prefix, offset);
429         } catch (DateTimeException ex) {
430             throw new DateTimeException("Invalid ID for offset-based ZoneId: " + zoneId, ex);
431         }
432     }
433 
434     //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
435     /**
436      * Obtains an instance of {@code ZoneId} from a temporal object.
437      * <p>
438      * This obtains a zone based on the specified temporal.
439      * A {@code TemporalAccessor} represents an arbitrary set of date and time information,
440      * which this factory converts to an instance of {@code ZoneId}.
441      * <p>
442      * A {@code TemporalAccessor} represents some form of date and time information.
443      * This factory converts the arbitrary temporal object to an instance of {@code ZoneId}.
444      * <p>
445      * The conversion will try to obtain the zone in a way that favours region-based
446      * zones over offset-based zones using {@link TemporalQueries#zone()}.
447      * <p>
448      * This method matches the signature of the functional interface {@link TemporalQuery}
449      * allowing it to be used as a query via method reference, {@code ZoneId::from}.
450      *
451      * @param temporal  the temporal object to convert, not null
452      * @return the zone ID, not null
453      * @throws DateTimeException if unable to convert to a {@code ZoneId}
454      */
from(TemporalAccessor temporal)455     public static ZoneId from(TemporalAccessor temporal) {
456         ZoneId obj = temporal.query(TemporalQueries.zone());
457         if (obj == null) {
458             throw new DateTimeException("Unable to obtain ZoneId from TemporalAccessor: " +
459                     temporal + " of type " + temporal.getClass().getName());
460         }
461         return obj;
462     }
463 
464     //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
465     /**
466      * Constructor only accessible within the package.
467      */
ZoneId()468     ZoneId() {
469         if (getClass() != ZoneOffset.class && getClass() != ZoneRegion.class) {
470             throw new AssertionError("Invalid subclass");
471         }
472     }
473 
474     //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
475     /**
476      * Gets the unique time-zone ID.
477      * <p>
478      * This ID uniquely defines this object.
479      * The format of an offset based ID is defined by {@link ZoneOffset#getId()}.
480      *
481      * @return the time-zone unique ID, not null
482      */
getId()483     public abstract String getId();
484 
485     //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
486     /**
487      * Gets the textual representation of the zone, such as 'British Time' or
488      * '+02:00'.
489      * <p>
490      * This returns the textual name used to identify the time-zone ID,
491      * suitable for presentation to the user.
492      * The parameters control the style of the returned text and the locale.
493      * <p>
494      * If no textual mapping is found then the {@link #getId() full ID} is returned.
495      *
496      * @param style  the length of the text required, not null
497      * @param locale  the locale to use, not null
498      * @return the text value of the zone, not null
499      */
getDisplayName(TextStyle style, Locale locale)500     public String getDisplayName(TextStyle style, Locale locale) {
501         return new DateTimeFormatterBuilder().appendZoneText(style).toFormatter(locale).format(toTemporal());
502     }
503 
504     /**
505      * Converts this zone to a {@code TemporalAccessor}.
506      * <p>
507      * A {@code ZoneId} can be fully represented as a {@code TemporalAccessor}.
508      * However, the interface is not implemented by this class as most of the
509      * methods on the interface have no meaning to {@code ZoneId}.
510      * <p>
511      * The returned temporal has no supported fields, with the query method
512      * supporting the return of the zone using {@link TemporalQueries#zoneId()}.
513      *
514      * @return a temporal equivalent to this zone, not null
515      */
toTemporal()516     private TemporalAccessor toTemporal() {
517         return new TemporalAccessor() {
518             @Override
519             public boolean isSupported(TemporalField field) {
520                 return false;
521             }
522             @Override
523             public long getLong(TemporalField field) {
524                 throw new UnsupportedTemporalTypeException("Unsupported field: " + field);
525             }
526             @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
527             @Override
528             public <R> R query(TemporalQuery<R> query) {
529                 if (query == TemporalQueries.zoneId()) {
530                     return (R) ZoneId.this;
531                 }
532                 return TemporalAccessor.super.query(query);
533             }
534         };
535     }
536 
537     //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
538     // Android-removed: ZoneRulesProvider related paragraph
539     /**
540      * Gets the time-zone rules for this ID allowing calculations to be performed.
541      * <p>
542      * The rules provide the functionality associated with a time-zone,
543      * such as finding the offset for a given instant or local date-time.
544      * <p>
545      * A time-zone can be invalid if it is deserialized in a Java Runtime which
546      * does not have the same rules loaded as the Java Runtime that stored it.
547      * In this case, calling this method will throw a {@code ZoneRulesException}.
548      * <p>
549      * {@link ZoneOffset} will always return a set of rules where the offset never changes.
550      *
551      * @return the rules, not null
552      * @throws ZoneRulesException if no rules are available for this ID
553      */
554     public abstract ZoneRules getRules();
555 
556     /**
557      * Normalizes the time-zone ID, returning a {@code ZoneOffset} where possible.
558      * <p>
559      * The returns a normalized {@code ZoneId} that can be used in place of this ID.
560      * The result will have {@code ZoneRules} equivalent to those returned by this object,
561      * however the ID returned by {@code getId()} may be different.
562      * <p>
563      * The normalization checks if the rules of this {@code ZoneId} have a fixed offset.
564      * If they do, then the {@code ZoneOffset} equal to that offset is returned.
565      * Otherwise {@code this} is returned.
566      *
567      * @return the time-zone unique ID, not null
568      */
569     public ZoneId normalized() {
570         try {
571             ZoneRules rules = getRules();
572             if (rules.isFixedOffset()) {
573                 return rules.getOffset(Instant.EPOCH);
574             }
575         } catch (ZoneRulesException ex) {
576             // invalid ZoneRegion is not important to this method
577         }
578         return this;
579     }
580 
581     //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
582     /**
583      * Checks if this time-zone ID is equal to another time-zone ID.
584      * <p>
585      * The comparison is based on the ID.
586      *
587      * @param obj  the object to check, null returns false
588      * @return true if this is equal to the other time-zone ID
589      */
590     @Override
591     public boolean equals(Object obj) {
592         if (this == obj) {
593            return true;
594         }
595         return (obj instanceof ZoneId other)
596                 && getId().equals(other.getId());
597     }
598 
599     /**
600      * A hash code for this time-zone ID.
601      *
602      * @return a suitable hash code
603      */
604     @Override
605     public int hashCode() {
606         return getId().hashCode();
607     }
608 
609     //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
610     /**
611      * Defend against malicious streams.
612      *
613      * @param s the stream to read
614      * @throws InvalidObjectException always
615      */
616     @java.io.Serial
617     private void readObject(ObjectInputStream s) throws InvalidObjectException {
618         throw new InvalidObjectException("Deserialization via serialization delegate");
619     }
620 
621     /**
622      * Outputs this zone as a {@code String}, using the ID.
623      *
624      * @return a string representation of this time-zone ID, not null
625      */
626     @Override
627     public String toString() {
628         return getId();
629     }
630 
631     //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
632     /**
633      * Writes the object using a
634      * <a href="{@docRoot}/serialized-form.html#java.time.Ser">dedicated serialized form</a>.
635      * @serialData
636      * <pre>
637      *  out.writeByte(7);  // identifies a ZoneId (not ZoneOffset)
638      *  out.writeUTF(getId());
639      * </pre>
640      * <p>
641      * When read back in, the {@code ZoneId} will be created as though using
642      * {@link #of(String)}, but without any exception in the case where the
643      * ID has a valid format, but is not in the known set of region-based IDs.
644      *
645      * @return the instance of {@code Ser}, not null
646      */
647     // this is here for serialization Javadoc
648     @java.io.Serial
649     private Object writeReplace() {
650         return new Ser(Ser.ZONE_REGION_TYPE, this);
651     }
652 
653     abstract void write(DataOutput out) throws IOException;
654 
655 }
656