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24 
25 /*
26  * This file is available under and governed by the GNU General Public
27  * License version 2 only, as published by the Free Software Foundation.
28  * However, the following notice accompanied the original version of this
29  * file:
30  *
31  * Written by Doug Lea with assistance from members of JCP JSR-166
32  * Expert Group and released to the public domain, as explained at
33  * http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
34  */
35 
36 package java.util.concurrent.locks;
37 
38 import jdk.internal.misc.Unsafe;
39 
40 /**
41  * Basic thread blocking primitives for creating locks and other
42  * synchronization classes.
43  *
44  * <p>This class associates, with each thread that uses it, a permit
45  * (in the sense of the {@link java.util.concurrent.Semaphore
46  * Semaphore} class). A call to {@code park} will return immediately
47  * if the permit is available, consuming it in the process; otherwise
48  * it <em>may</em> block.  A call to {@code unpark} makes the permit
49  * available, if it was not already available. (Unlike with Semaphores
50  * though, permits do not accumulate. There is at most one.)
51  * Reliable usage requires the use of volatile (or atomic) variables
52  * to control when to park or unpark.  Orderings of calls to these
53  * methods are maintained with respect to volatile variable accesses,
54  * but not necessarily non-volatile variable accesses.
55  *
56  * <p>Methods {@code park} and {@code unpark} provide efficient
57  * means of blocking and unblocking threads that do not encounter the
58  * problems that cause the deprecated methods {@code Thread.suspend}
59  * and {@code Thread.resume} to be unusable for such purposes: Races
60  * between one thread invoking {@code park} and another thread trying
61  * to {@code unpark} it will preserve liveness, due to the
62  * permit. Additionally, {@code park} will return if the caller's
63  * thread was interrupted, and timeout versions are supported. The
64  * {@code park} method may also return at any other time, for "no
65  * reason", so in general must be invoked within a loop that rechecks
66  * conditions upon return. In this sense {@code park} serves as an
67  * optimization of a "busy wait" that does not waste as much time
68  * spinning, but must be paired with an {@code unpark} to be
69  * effective.
70  *
71  * <p>The three forms of {@code park} each also support a
72  * {@code blocker} object parameter. This object is recorded while
73  * the thread is blocked to permit monitoring and diagnostic tools to
74  * identify the reasons that threads are blocked. (Such tools may
75  * access blockers using method {@link #getBlocker(Thread)}.)
76  * The use of these forms rather than the original forms without this
77  * parameter is strongly encouraged. The normal argument to supply as
78  * a {@code blocker} within a lock implementation is {@code this}.
79  *
80  * <p>These methods are designed to be used as tools for creating
81  * higher-level synchronization utilities, and are not in themselves
82  * useful for most concurrency control applications.  The {@code park}
83  * method is designed for use only in constructions of the form:
84  *
85  * <pre> {@code
86  * while (!canProceed()) {
87  *   // ensure request to unpark is visible to other threads
88  *   ...
89  *   LockSupport.park(this);
90  * }}</pre>
91  *
92  * where no actions by the thread publishing a request to unpark,
93  * prior to the call to {@code park}, entail locking or blocking.
94  * Because only one permit is associated with each thread, any
95  * intermediary uses of {@code park}, including implicitly via class
96  * loading, could lead to an unresponsive thread (a "lost unpark").
97  *
98  * <p><b>Sample Usage.</b> Here is a sketch of a first-in-first-out
99  * non-reentrant lock class:
100  * <pre> {@code
101  * class FIFOMutex {
102  *   private final AtomicBoolean locked = new AtomicBoolean(false);
103  *   private final Queue<Thread> waiters
104  *     = new ConcurrentLinkedQueue<>();
105  *
106  *   public void lock() {
107  *     boolean wasInterrupted = false;
108  *     // publish current thread for unparkers
109  *     waiters.add(Thread.currentThread());
110  *
111  *     // Block while not first in queue or cannot acquire lock
112  *     while (waiters.peek() != Thread.currentThread() ||
113  *            !locked.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
114  *       LockSupport.park(this);
115  *       // ignore interrupts while waiting
116  *       if (Thread.interrupted())
117  *         wasInterrupted = true;
118  *     }
119  *
120  *     waiters.remove();
121  *     // ensure correct interrupt status on return
122  *     if (wasInterrupted)
123  *       Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
124  *   }
125  *
126  *   public void unlock() {
127  *     locked.set(false);
128  *     LockSupport.unpark(waiters.peek());
129  *   }
130  *
131  *   static {
132  *     // Reduce the risk of "lost unpark" due to classloading
133  *     Class<?> ensureLoaded = LockSupport.class;
134  *   }
135  * }}</pre>
136  *
137  * @since 1.5
138  */
139 public class LockSupport {
LockSupport()140     private LockSupport() {} // Cannot be instantiated.
141 
setBlocker(Thread t, Object arg)142     private static void setBlocker(Thread t, Object arg) {
143         U.putReferenceOpaque(t, PARKBLOCKER, arg);
144     }
145 
146     /**
147      * Sets the object to be returned by invocations of {@link
148      * #getBlocker getBlocker} for the current thread. This method may
149      * be used before invoking the no-argument version of {@link
150      * LockSupport#park() park()} from non-public objects, allowing
151      * more helpful diagnostics, or retaining compatibility with
152      * previous implementations of blocking methods.  Previous values
153      * of the blocker are not automatically restored after blocking.
154      * To obtain the effects of {@code park(b}}, use {@code
155      * setCurrentBlocker(b); park(); setCurrentBlocker(null);}
156      *
157      * @param blocker the blocker object
158      * @since 14
159      */
setCurrentBlocker(Object blocker)160     public static void setCurrentBlocker(Object blocker) {
161         U.putReferenceOpaque(Thread.currentThread(), PARKBLOCKER, blocker);
162     }
163 
164     /**
165      * Makes available the permit for the given thread, if it
166      * was not already available.  If the thread was blocked on
167      * {@code park} then it will unblock.  Otherwise, its next call
168      * to {@code park} is guaranteed not to block. This operation
169      * is not guaranteed to have any effect at all if the given
170      * thread has not been started.
171      *
172      * @param thread the thread to unpark, or {@code null}, in which case
173      *        this operation has no effect
174      */
unpark(Thread thread)175     public static void unpark(Thread thread) {
176         if (thread != null)
177             U.unpark(thread);
178     }
179 
180     /**
181      * Disables the current thread for thread scheduling purposes unless the
182      * permit is available.
183      *
184      * <p>If the permit is available then it is consumed and the call returns
185      * immediately; otherwise
186      * the current thread becomes disabled for thread scheduling
187      * purposes and lies dormant until one of three things happens:
188      *
189      * <ul>
190      * <li>Some other thread invokes {@link #unpark unpark} with the
191      * current thread as the target; or
192      *
193      * <li>Some other thread {@linkplain Thread#interrupt interrupts}
194      * the current thread; or
195      *
196      * <li>The call spuriously (that is, for no reason) returns.
197      * </ul>
198      *
199      * <p>This method does <em>not</em> report which of these caused the
200      * method to return. Callers should re-check the conditions which caused
201      * the thread to park in the first place. Callers may also determine,
202      * for example, the interrupt status of the thread upon return.
203      *
204      * @param blocker the synchronization object responsible for this
205      *        thread parking
206      * @since 1.6
207      */
park(Object blocker)208     public static void park(Object blocker) {
209         Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
210         setBlocker(t, blocker);
211         U.park(false, 0L);
212         setBlocker(t, null);
213     }
214 
215     /**
216      * Disables the current thread for thread scheduling purposes, for up to
217      * the specified waiting time, unless the permit is available.
218      *
219      * <p>If the specified waiting time is zero or negative, the
220      * method does nothing. Otherwise, if the permit is available then
221      * it is consumed and the call returns immediately; otherwise the
222      * current thread becomes disabled for thread scheduling purposes
223      * and lies dormant until one of four things happens:
224      *
225      * <ul>
226      * <li>Some other thread invokes {@link #unpark unpark} with the
227      * current thread as the target; or
228      *
229      * <li>Some other thread {@linkplain Thread#interrupt interrupts}
230      * the current thread; or
231      *
232      * <li>The specified waiting time elapses; or
233      *
234      * <li>The call spuriously (that is, for no reason) returns.
235      * </ul>
236      *
237      * <p>This method does <em>not</em> report which of these caused the
238      * method to return. Callers should re-check the conditions which caused
239      * the thread to park in the first place. Callers may also determine,
240      * for example, the interrupt status of the thread, or the elapsed time
241      * upon return.
242      *
243      * @param blocker the synchronization object responsible for this
244      *        thread parking
245      * @param nanos the maximum number of nanoseconds to wait
246      * @since 1.6
247      */
parkNanos(Object blocker, long nanos)248     public static void parkNanos(Object blocker, long nanos) {
249         if (nanos > 0) {
250             Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
251             setBlocker(t, blocker);
252             U.park(false, nanos);
253             setBlocker(t, null);
254         }
255     }
256 
257     /**
258      * Disables the current thread for thread scheduling purposes, until
259      * the specified deadline, unless the permit is available.
260      *
261      * <p>If the permit is available then it is consumed and the call
262      * returns immediately; otherwise the current thread becomes disabled
263      * for thread scheduling purposes and lies dormant until one of four
264      * things happens:
265      *
266      * <ul>
267      * <li>Some other thread invokes {@link #unpark unpark} with the
268      * current thread as the target; or
269      *
270      * <li>Some other thread {@linkplain Thread#interrupt interrupts} the
271      * current thread; or
272      *
273      * <li>The specified deadline passes; or
274      *
275      * <li>The call spuriously (that is, for no reason) returns.
276      * </ul>
277      *
278      * <p>This method does <em>not</em> report which of these caused the
279      * method to return. Callers should re-check the conditions which caused
280      * the thread to park in the first place. Callers may also determine,
281      * for example, the interrupt status of the thread, or the current time
282      * upon return.
283      *
284      * @param blocker the synchronization object responsible for this
285      *        thread parking
286      * @param deadline the absolute time, in milliseconds from the Epoch,
287      *        to wait until
288      * @since 1.6
289      */
parkUntil(Object blocker, long deadline)290     public static void parkUntil(Object blocker, long deadline) {
291         Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
292         setBlocker(t, blocker);
293         U.park(true, deadline);
294         setBlocker(t, null);
295     }
296 
297     /**
298      * Returns the blocker object supplied to the most recent
299      * invocation of a park method that has not yet unblocked, or null
300      * if not blocked.  The value returned is just a momentary
301      * snapshot -- the thread may have since unblocked or blocked on a
302      * different blocker object.
303      *
304      * @param t the thread
305      * @return the blocker
306      * @throws NullPointerException if argument is null
307      * @since 1.6
308      */
getBlocker(Thread t)309     public static Object getBlocker(Thread t) {
310         if (t == null)
311             throw new NullPointerException();
312         return U.getReferenceOpaque(t, PARKBLOCKER);
313     }
314 
315     /**
316      * Disables the current thread for thread scheduling purposes unless the
317      * permit is available.
318      *
319      * <p>If the permit is available then it is consumed and the call
320      * returns immediately; otherwise the current thread becomes disabled
321      * for thread scheduling purposes and lies dormant until one of three
322      * things happens:
323      *
324      * <ul>
325      *
326      * <li>Some other thread invokes {@link #unpark unpark} with the
327      * current thread as the target; or
328      *
329      * <li>Some other thread {@linkplain Thread#interrupt interrupts}
330      * the current thread; or
331      *
332      * <li>The call spuriously (that is, for no reason) returns.
333      * </ul>
334      *
335      * <p>This method does <em>not</em> report which of these caused the
336      * method to return. Callers should re-check the conditions which caused
337      * the thread to park in the first place. Callers may also determine,
338      * for example, the interrupt status of the thread upon return.
339      */
park()340     public static void park() {
341         U.park(false, 0L);
342     }
343 
344     /**
345      * Disables the current thread for thread scheduling purposes, for up to
346      * the specified waiting time, unless the permit is available.
347      *
348      * <p>If the specified waiting time is zero or negative, the
349      * method does nothing. Otherwise, if the permit is available then
350      * it is consumed and the call returns immediately; otherwise the
351      * current thread becomes disabled for thread scheduling purposes
352      * and lies dormant until one of four things happens:
353      *
354      * <ul>
355      * <li>Some other thread invokes {@link #unpark unpark} with the
356      * current thread as the target; or
357      *
358      * <li>Some other thread {@linkplain Thread#interrupt interrupts}
359      * the current thread; or
360      *
361      * <li>The specified waiting time elapses; or
362      *
363      * <li>The call spuriously (that is, for no reason) returns.
364      * </ul>
365      *
366      * <p>This method does <em>not</em> report which of these caused the
367      * method to return. Callers should re-check the conditions which caused
368      * the thread to park in the first place. Callers may also determine,
369      * for example, the interrupt status of the thread, or the elapsed time
370      * upon return.
371      *
372      * @param nanos the maximum number of nanoseconds to wait
373      */
parkNanos(long nanos)374     public static void parkNanos(long nanos) {
375         if (nanos > 0)
376             U.park(false, nanos);
377     }
378 
379     /**
380      * Disables the current thread for thread scheduling purposes, until
381      * the specified deadline, unless the permit is available.
382      *
383      * <p>If the permit is available then it is consumed and the call
384      * returns immediately; otherwise the current thread becomes disabled
385      * for thread scheduling purposes and lies dormant until one of four
386      * things happens:
387      *
388      * <ul>
389      * <li>Some other thread invokes {@link #unpark unpark} with the
390      * current thread as the target; or
391      *
392      * <li>Some other thread {@linkplain Thread#interrupt interrupts}
393      * the current thread; or
394      *
395      * <li>The specified deadline passes; or
396      *
397      * <li>The call spuriously (that is, for no reason) returns.
398      * </ul>
399      *
400      * <p>This method does <em>not</em> report which of these caused the
401      * method to return. Callers should re-check the conditions which caused
402      * the thread to park in the first place. Callers may also determine,
403      * for example, the interrupt status of the thread, or the current time
404      * upon return.
405      *
406      * @param deadline the absolute time, in milliseconds from the Epoch,
407      *        to wait until
408      */
parkUntil(long deadline)409     public static void parkUntil(long deadline) {
410         U.park(true, deadline);
411     }
412 
413     /**
414      * Returns the thread id for the given thread.  We must access
415      * this directly rather than via method Thread.getId() because
416      * getId() has been known to be overridden in ways that do not
417      * preserve unique mappings.
418      */
getThreadId(Thread thread)419     static final long getThreadId(Thread thread) {
420         return U.getLong(thread, TID);
421     }
422 
423     // Hotspot implementation via intrinsics API
424     private static final Unsafe U = Unsafe.getUnsafe();
425     private static final long PARKBLOCKER
426         = U.objectFieldOffset(Thread.class, "parkBlocker");
427     private static final long TID
428         = U.objectFieldOffset(Thread.class, "tid");
429 
430 }
431