# Table of contents
1. [Background](#background)
2. [Setting up the test ](#setting_up_the_test)
    1. [Developing an NNAPI fuzz test](#developing_an_nnapi_fuzz_test)
    2. [Preparing a device](#preparing_a_device)
    3. [Building and uploading fuzz test](#building_and_uploading_fuzz_test)
3. [Running the test](#running_the_test)
    1. [Running the full fuzz test](#running_the_full_fuzz_test)
    2. [Reproducing crash case](#reproducing_crash_case)
    3. [Finding minimal crash case](#finding_minimal_crash_case)
4. [Fuzz test case format](#fuzz_test_case_format)
5. [Changing Model.proto](#changing_model_proto)
    1. [Adding new operations or operands](#adding_new_operations_or_operands)
    2. [Expanding the structure](#expanding_the_structure)
    3. [Backward-incompatible change](#backward_incompatible_change)
1. [Appendix](#appendix)
    1. [Alternative ways to build the device image and test binary](#alternatives)

# Background <a id="background"></a>

This document seeks to be a crash-course and cheat-sheet for running the NNAPI
fuzz tests.

The purpose of fuzz testing is to find crashes, assertions, memory violations,
or general undefined behavior in the code under test due to factors such as
unexpected inputs. The NNAPI fuzz tests are based on `libFuzzer`, which is
efficient at fuzzing because it uses line coverage of previous test cases to
generate new random inputs. For example, `libFuzzer` favors test cases that
run on uncovered lines of code. This greatly reduces the amount of time tests
take to find problematic code.

Currently, there are two NNAPI fuzz test targets: `libneuralnetworks_fuzzer`
which tests at the NNAPI NDK layer (testing libneuralnetworks as a static
library) and `libneuralnetworks_driver_fuzzer` which tests an in-process driver
at the NNAPI HAL layer (the sample driver, unless the test is modified to do
otherwise). To simplify development of future tests, this directory also
defines an NNAPI fuzzing test harness and packages it in a blueprint default
`libneuralnetworks_fuzzer_defaults`.

Useful background reading and reference documents:
* libFuzzer overview: http://llvm.org/docs/LibFuzzer.html
* Android-specific libFuzzer documentation:
  https://source.android.com/devices/tech/debug/libfuzzer
* Android Security Testing (sanitizers, fuzzer, etc.):
  https://source.android.com/devices/tech/debug/fuzz-sanitize
* Sanitizer flags:
  https://github.com/google/sanitizers/wiki/SanitizerCommonFlags
* Address Sanitizer flags:
  https://github.com/google/sanitizers/wiki/AddressSanitizerFlags
* libprotobuf-mutator:
  https://github.com/google/libprotobuf-mutator#libprotobuf-mutator

# Setting up the test <a id="setting_up_the_test"></a>

## Developing an NNAPI fuzz test <a id="developing_an_nnapi_fuzz_test"></a>

### Creating a new fuzz test using `libneuralnetworks_fuzzer_defaults`

To create a new fuzz test:
1. Create code that implements the function
   `void nnapiFuzzTest(const TestModel& testModel)` (examples: [1][1], [2][2])
2. Create a blueprint `cc_fuzz` target that includes
   `libneuralnetworks_fuzzer_defaults` as a default (examples: [1][3], [2][4])

### Modifying `libneuralnetworks_driver_fuzzer` to test custom driver

Alter the `libneuralnetworks_driver_fuzzer` code locally to test your own
driver. In the section `“TODO: INSERT CUSTOM DEVICE HERE”`, replace
`“std::make_shared<const sample::Device>("example-driver")”` ([link][5]) with
your own driver.

This code employs an in-process driver (as opposed to retrieving it on the
device via `IDevice::getService(...))` for three reasons. First, the test runs
faster because it does not need to communicate with the driver via IPC because
the driver is created in the same process. Second, it ensures that the
`libFuzzer` can use the coverage from the driver to guide the test
appropriately, as everything is built as one unit. Finally, whenever a crash
occurs, only one stacktrace needs to be analyzed to debug the problem.

The current version of the test assumes a 1.3 driver and uses the methods
`IDevice::prepareModel` and `IDevice::execute` ([link][6]). Change the test
locally to test different methods or different driver versions.

## Preparing a device <a id="preparing_a_device"></a>

Because the test is self-contained, you should be able to just use a regular
device image without any modifications. The next section
[Building and uploading fuzz test](#building-and-uploading-fuzz-test) describes
how to build the test binary itself. If you need to have the entire image
fuzzed (for example, if you want to sanitize a shared library), you can build a
sanitized image with one of the following two sequences of commands depending
on your needs:

### You can build a normal device image with:
```bash
$ . build/envsetup.sh
$ lunch <target>  # e.g., <TARGET_PRODUCT>-userdebug
$ mma -j
```

## Building and uploading fuzz test <a id="building_and_uploading_fuzz_test"></a>

For simplicity and clarity, the rest of the code here will use the following
environment variables:
```
$ FUZZER_NAME=libneuralnetworks_driver_fuzzer
$ FUZZER_TARGET_ARCH=$(get_build_var TARGET_ARCH)
$ FUZZER_TARGET_DIR=/data/fuzz/$FUZZER_TARGET_ARCH/$FUZZER_NAME
$ FUZZER_TARGET=$FUZZER_TARGET_DIR/$FUZZER_NAME
```

When building with a non-sanitized lunch target, build the fuzz test with the
following command:
```bash
$ SANITIZE_TARGET=hwaddress m $FUZZER_NAME -j
```

Note that the above commands use `hwaddress` sanitization, but other sanitizers
can be used in place of or in addition to `hwaddress`. More command options for
building with other sanitizers can be found [here][7], and they are explained
more in depth in the Android background reading [here][8].

Once the test is built, it can be pushed to the device via:
```bash
$ adb root
$ adb sync data
$ adb shell mkdir -p $FUZZER_TARGET_DIR/dump
```

The directory `$FUZZER_TARGET_DIR/` is now as follows:
* `$FUZZER_NAME` -- fuzz test binary
* `corpus/` -- directory for reference/example “good” test cases, used to speed
  up fuzz tests
* `dump/` -- sandbox directory used by the fuzz test; this can be ignored
* `crash-*` -- any future problematic test cases will be dumped to the directory

# Running the test <a id="running_the_test"></a>

## Running the full fuzz test <a id="running_the_full_fuzz_test"></a>

The fuzz test can be launched with the following command, and will continue
running until the user terminates the process (e.g., ctrl+c) or until the test
crashes.

```bash
$ adb shell HWASAN_OPTIONS=handle_sigill=2:handle_sigfpe=2:handle_sigbus=2:handle_abort=2:handle_segv=2 $FUZZER_TARGET $FUZZER_TARGET_DIR/dump/ $FUZZER_TARGET_DIR/corpus/ -artifact_prefix=$FUZZER_TARGET_DIR/
```

(When using a non-hwasan build, you need to change the `HWASAN_OPTIONS`
variable to match whatever build you’re using, e.g., `ASAN_OPTIONS`.)

When something unexpected occurs (e.g., a crash or a very slow test case), the
test case that causes it will be dumped to a file in the directory specified by
“`-artifact_prefix`”. The generated file will appear as
`slow-unit-<unique_identifier>`, `crash-<unique_identifier>`,
`oom-<unique_identifier>`, or `timeout-<unique_identifier>`. Normally,
`libFuzzer` crash files will contain unreadable binary data; however,
`libneuralnetworks_driver_fuzzer`‘s output is formatted in a human readable way
because it uses `libprotobuf-mutator`, so it’s fine to inspect the file to get
more information on the test case that caused the problem. For more
information, refer to the [Fuzz test case format](#fuzz-test-case-format)
section below.

## Reproducing crash case <a id="reproducing_crash_case"></a>

When a crash occurs, the crash test case can be re-run with the following
command:

```bash
$ adb shell HWASAN_OPTIONS=handle_sigill=2:handle_sigfpe=2:handle_sigbus=2:handle_abort=2:handle_segv=2 $FUZZER_TARGET $FUZZER_TARGET_DIR/<test_case_name>
```
(Note that the execution parameters for `HWASAN_OPTIONS` are the same as those
above.)

E.g., `<test_case_name>` could be:
* `minimized-from-15b1dae0d2872d8dccf4f35fbf4ecbecee697a49`
* `slow-unit-cad88bd58853b71b875ac048001b78f7a7501dc3`
* `crash-07cb8793bbc65ab010382c0f8d40087897826129`

## Finding minimal crash case <a id="finding_minimal_crash_case"></a>

When a crash occurs, sometimes the offending test case is large and
complicated. `libFuzzer` has a way to minimize the crashing case to simplify
debugging with the following command:

```bash
$ adb shell HWASAN_OPTIONS=handle_sigill=2:handle_sigfpe=2:handle_sigbus=2:handle_abort=2:handle_segv=2 $FUZZER_TARGET $FUZZER_TARGET_DIR/<test_case_name> -artifact_prefix=$FUZZER_TARGET_DIR/ -minimize_crash=1 -max_total_time=60
```
(Note that the execution parameters for `HWASAN_OPTIONS` are the same as those
above.)

Note that the `<test_case_name>` must be some sort of crash for the
minimization to work. For example, minimization will not work on something like
`slow_unit-*` cases. Increasing the `max_total_time` value may yield a more
minimal test crash, but will take longer.

# Fuzz test case format <a id="fuzz_test_case_format"></a>

By itself, `libFuzzer` will generate a random collection of bytes as input to
the fuzz test. The test developer then needs to convert this random data to
some structured testing format (e.g., a syntactically correct NNAPI model).
Doing this conversion can be slow and difficult, and can lead to inefficient
mutations and tests. Additionally, whenever the fuzz test finds a crashing test
case, it will dump this test case as an unreadable binary chunk of data in a
file (e.g., `crash-*` files described above).

To help with both of these issues, the NNAPI fuzz tests additionally use a
library called [`libprotobuf-mutator`][9] to handle the conversions from the
random `libFuzzer` input to a protobuf format used for NNAPI fuzz testing. The
conversion from this protobuf format to a model format is much more
straightforward and efficient. As another useful utility, `libprotobuf-mutator`
provides the option to represent this data as human-readable text. This means
that whenever the fuzz test finds a crash, the resultant test case that is
dumped to a file will be in a human-readable format.

Here is one example of a crash case that was found:
```protobuf
model {
  main {
    operands {
      operand {
        type: TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM
        scale: 1
      }
      operand {
        type: TENSOR_INT32
        dimensions {
          dimension: 1
        }
        lifetime: CONSTANT_COPY
      }
      operand {
        type: TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM
        dimensions {
          dimension: 9
        }
        scale: 1
        lifetime: SUBGRAPH_OUTPUT
      }
      operand {
        type: TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM
        dimensions {
          dimension: 1
          dimension: 1
          dimension: 3
          dimension: 3
        }
        scale: 1
        lifetime: SUBGRAPH_INPUT
      }
      operand {
        type: TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM
        dimensions {
          dimension: 1
        }
        scale: 1
        lifetime: CONSTANT_COPY
      }
      operand {
        type: INT32
        lifetime: CONSTANT_COPY
      }
    }
    operations {
      operation {
        inputs {
          index: 3
          index: 4
          index: 5
        }
        outputs {
          index: 0
        }
      }
      operation {
        type: TILE
        inputs {
          index: 0
          index: 1
        }
        outputs {
          index: 2
        }
      }
    }
    input_indexes {
      index: 3
    }
    output_indexes {
      index: 2
    }
  }
}
```

This format is largely based on the format defined in [NNAPI HAL][10]. The one
major exception is that the contents of an operand's data are replaced by data
generated from the “Buffer” message (except for `TEMPORARY_VARIABLE`,
`NO_VALUE`, and `SUBGRAPH_OUTPUT` operands, in which cases there is no data or
the data is ignored, so the “Buffer” message is ignored). This is done for a
practical reason: `libFuzzer` (and by extension `libprotobuf-mutator`) converge
slower when the amount of randomly generated input is large. For the fuzz tests,
the contents of the operand data are not as interesting as the structure of the
graph itself, so the data was replaced by a “Buffer”, which is one of the
following:
* EmptyBuffer empty, represented no value
* uint32_t scalar, repesenting a scalar value
* uint32_t random_seed, used to generate random data

The NNAPI `libprotobuf-mutator` implementation uses the proto3 specification.
Note that this means whenever a field contains the default value (e.g., uint32_t
holds a value of 0), [that field is omitted from the text][11]. For example, in
the test case listed above, `model.main.operations[0].operation.type` is omitted
because it holds the value `ADD`.

# Changing Model.proto <a id="changing_model_proto"></a>

## Adding new operations or operands <a id="adding_new_operations_or_operands"></a>

When adding a new operation to the NNAPI, the fuzzer should be updated with the
following steps:
1. Add the new operation or operand to either `OperationType` or `OperandType`.
in `Model.proto`
2. Add a new `static_assert` for the new type in `StaticAssert.cpp` to make sure
the value in `Model.proto` matches the value in `TestHarness` (e.g.,
`TestOperationType` or `TestOperandType`)

## Expanding the structure <a id="expanding_the_structure"></a>

For any deeper changes to the `Model.proto` type (e.g., adding a new field):
1. Make the change to `TestHarness`
2. Make the corresponding change in `Model.proto` to mirror `TestHarness`
3. Make the corresponding change in `Converter.cpp` to handle the conversion
from `Model.proto` types to `TestHarness` types.
4. Make the corresponding change in `GenerateCorpus.cpp` to handle the
conversion from `TestHarness` types to `Model.proto` types.

## Backward-incompatible change <a id="backward_incompatible_change"></a>

Making an backward-incompatible change (e.g., removing proto fields) affects the
existing corpus, so the corpus needs to be regenerated for the test to continue
to run efficiently. In addition to the steps in
[Expanding the structure](#expanding_struct) above, the corpus can be
regenerated with the following steps:
1. run libneuralnetworks_fuzzer_seed_corpus to generate the corpus entries
2. Unzip the generated files (>8000 test cases)
3. [Merge][12] the cases with libneuralnetworks_fuzzer to reduce the corpus size
4. Take and rename the top 500 cases to seedXXX
5. Update the corpus with the new seed files

# Appendix <a id="appendix"></a>

## Alternative ways to build the device image and test binary <a id="alternatives"></a>

You can build a pre-configured sanitized device image with:
```bash
$ . build/envsetup.sh
$ lunch <sanitized_target>  # e.g., <TARGET_PRODUCT>_hwasan-userdebug
$ mma -j
```

Alternatively, you can build other (read: non-sanitized) targets with the following command:
```bash
$ . build/envsetup.sh
$ lunch <non-sanitized_target>  # e.g., <TARGET_PRODUCT>-userdebug
$ SANITIZE_TARGET=hwaddress mma -j
```

When using a sanitized lunch target, build the fuzz test with the following
command:
```bash
$ m $FUZZER_NAME -j
```

[1]: https://cs.android.com/android/platform/superproject/+/master:packages/modules/NeuralNetworks/runtime/test/android_fuzzing/DriverFuzzTest.cpp;l=307-324;drc=34aee872d5dc317ad8a32377e9114c0c606d8afe
[2]: https://cs.android.com/android/platform/superproject/+/master:packages/modules/NeuralNetworks/runtime/test/android_fuzzing/FuzzTest.cpp;l=130-151;drc=34aee872d5dc317ad8a32377e9114c0c606d8afe
[3]: https://cs.android.com/android/platform/superproject/+/master:packages/modules/NeuralNetworks/runtime/test/Android.bp;l=195-216;drc=60823f07172e6b5bbc06b2fac25a15ab91c80b25
[4]: https://cs.android.com/android/platform/superproject/+/master:packages/modules/NeuralNetworks/runtime/test/Android.bp;l=218-240;drc=60823f07172e6b5bbc06b2fac25a15ab91c80b25
[5]: https://cs.android.com/android/platform/superproject/+/master:packages/modules/NeuralNetworks/runtime/test/android_fuzzing/DriverFuzzTest.cpp?q=example-driver&ss=android%2Fplatform%2Fsuperproject
[6]: https://cs.android.com/search?q=prepareModel%20execute&ss=android%2Fplatform%2Fsuperproject:packages%2Fmodules%2FNeuralNetworks%2Fruntime%2Ftest%2Fandroid_fuzzing%2F
[7]: https://cs.android.com/android/platform/superproject/+/master:build/soong/cc/sanitize.go;l=140-187;drc=b5b2aba43b5bb6305ea69d60f9bf580f711d7c96
[8]: https://source.android.com/devices/tech/debug/libfuzzer
[9]: https://cs.android.com/android/platform/superproject/+/master:external/libprotobuf-mutator/
[10]: https://cs.android.com/android/platform/superproject/+/master:hardware/interfaces/neuralnetworks/
[11]: https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/docs/proto3#default
[12]: https://llvm.org/docs/LibFuzzer.html#corpus