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25 
26 package java.util;
27 
28 /**
29  * This class provides a skeletal implementation of the {@link List}
30  * interface to minimize the effort required to implement this interface
31  * backed by a "random access" data store (such as an array).  For sequential
32  * access data (such as a linked list), {@link AbstractSequentialList} should
33  * be used in preference to this class.
34  *
35  * <p>To implement an unmodifiable list, the programmer needs only to extend
36  * this class and provide implementations for the {@link #get(int)} and
37  * {@link List#size() size()} methods.
38  *
39  * <p>To implement a modifiable list, the programmer must additionally
40  * override the {@link #set(int, Object) set(int, E)} method (which otherwise
41  * throws an {@code UnsupportedOperationException}).  If the list is
42  * variable-size the programmer must additionally override the
43  * {@link #add(int, Object) add(int, E)} and {@link #remove(int)} methods.
44  *
45  * <p>The programmer should generally provide a void (no argument) and collection
46  * constructor, as per the recommendation in the {@link Collection} interface
47  * specification.
48  *
49  * <p>Unlike the other abstract collection implementations, the programmer does
50  * <i>not</i> have to provide an iterator implementation; the iterator and
51  * list iterator are implemented by this class, on top of the "random access"
52  * methods:
53  * {@link #get(int)},
54  * {@link #set(int, Object) set(int, E)},
55  * {@link #add(int, Object) add(int, E)} and
56  * {@link #remove(int)}.
57  *
58  * <p>The documentation for each non-abstract method in this class describes its
59  * implementation in detail.  Each of these methods may be overridden if the
60  * collection being implemented admits a more efficient implementation.
61  *
62  * <p>This class is a member of the
63  * <a href="{@docRoot}openjdk-redirect.html?v=8&path=/technotes/guides/collections/index.html">
64  * Java Collections Framework</a>.
65  *
66  * @author  Josh Bloch
67  * @author  Neal Gafter
68  * @since 1.2
69  */
70 
71 public abstract class AbstractList<E> extends AbstractCollection<E> implements List<E> {
72     /**
73      * Sole constructor.  (For invocation by subclass constructors, typically
74      * implicit.)
75      */
AbstractList()76     protected AbstractList() {
77     }
78 
79     /**
80      * Appends the specified element to the end of this list (optional
81      * operation).
82      *
83      * <p>Lists that support this operation may place limitations on what
84      * elements may be added to this list.  In particular, some
85      * lists will refuse to add null elements, and others will impose
86      * restrictions on the type of elements that may be added.  List
87      * classes should clearly specify in their documentation any restrictions
88      * on what elements may be added.
89      *
90      * <p>This implementation calls {@code add(size(), e)}.
91      *
92      * <p>Note that this implementation throws an
93      * {@code UnsupportedOperationException} unless
94      * {@link #add(int, Object) add(int, E)} is overridden.
95      *
96      * @param e element to be appended to this list
97      * @return {@code true} (as specified by {@link Collection#add})
98      * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the {@code add} operation
99      *         is not supported by this list
100      * @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified element
101      *         prevents it from being added to this list
102      * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null and this
103      *         list does not permit null elements
104      * @throws IllegalArgumentException if some property of this element
105      *         prevents it from being added to this list
106      */
add(E e)107     public boolean add(E e) {
108         add(size(), e);
109         return true;
110     }
111 
112     /**
113      * {@inheritDoc}
114      *
115      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
116      */
get(int index)117     abstract public E get(int index);
118 
119     /**
120      * {@inheritDoc}
121      *
122      * <p>This implementation always throws an
123      * {@code UnsupportedOperationException}.
124      *
125      * @throws UnsupportedOperationException {@inheritDoc}
126      * @throws ClassCastException            {@inheritDoc}
127      * @throws NullPointerException          {@inheritDoc}
128      * @throws IllegalArgumentException      {@inheritDoc}
129      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException     {@inheritDoc}
130      */
set(int index, E element)131     public E set(int index, E element) {
132         throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
133     }
134 
135     /**
136      * {@inheritDoc}
137      *
138      * <p>This implementation always throws an
139      * {@code UnsupportedOperationException}.
140      *
141      * @throws UnsupportedOperationException {@inheritDoc}
142      * @throws ClassCastException            {@inheritDoc}
143      * @throws NullPointerException          {@inheritDoc}
144      * @throws IllegalArgumentException      {@inheritDoc}
145      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException     {@inheritDoc}
146      */
add(int index, E element)147     public void add(int index, E element) {
148         throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
149     }
150 
151     /**
152      * {@inheritDoc}
153      *
154      * <p>This implementation always throws an
155      * {@code UnsupportedOperationException}.
156      *
157      * @throws UnsupportedOperationException {@inheritDoc}
158      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException     {@inheritDoc}
159      */
remove(int index)160     public E remove(int index) {
161         throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
162     }
163 
164 
165     // Search Operations
166 
167     /**
168      * {@inheritDoc}
169      *
170      * <p>This implementation first gets a list iterator (with
171      * {@code listIterator()}).  Then, it iterates over the list until the
172      * specified element is found or the end of the list is reached.
173      *
174      * @throws ClassCastException   {@inheritDoc}
175      * @throws NullPointerException {@inheritDoc}
176      */
indexOf(Object o)177     public int indexOf(Object o) {
178         ListIterator<E> it = listIterator();
179         if (o==null) {
180             while (it.hasNext())
181                 if (it.next()==null)
182                     return it.previousIndex();
183         } else {
184             while (it.hasNext())
185                 if (o.equals(it.next()))
186                     return it.previousIndex();
187         }
188         return -1;
189     }
190 
191     /**
192      * {@inheritDoc}
193      *
194      * <p>This implementation first gets a list iterator that points to the end
195      * of the list (with {@code listIterator(size())}).  Then, it iterates
196      * backwards over the list until the specified element is found, or the
197      * beginning of the list is reached.
198      *
199      * @throws ClassCastException   {@inheritDoc}
200      * @throws NullPointerException {@inheritDoc}
201      */
lastIndexOf(Object o)202     public int lastIndexOf(Object o) {
203         ListIterator<E> it = listIterator(size());
204         if (o==null) {
205             while (it.hasPrevious())
206                 if (it.previous()==null)
207                     return it.nextIndex();
208         } else {
209             while (it.hasPrevious())
210                 if (o.equals(it.previous()))
211                     return it.nextIndex();
212         }
213         return -1;
214     }
215 
216 
217     // Bulk Operations
218 
219     /**
220      * Removes all of the elements from this list (optional operation).
221      * The list will be empty after this call returns.
222      *
223      * <p>This implementation calls {@code removeRange(0, size())}.
224      *
225      * <p>Note that this implementation throws an
226      * {@code UnsupportedOperationException} unless {@code remove(int
227      * index)} or {@code removeRange(int fromIndex, int toIndex)} is
228      * overridden.
229      *
230      * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the {@code clear} operation
231      *         is not supported by this list
232      */
clear()233     public void clear() {
234         removeRange(0, size());
235     }
236 
237     /**
238      * {@inheritDoc}
239      *
240      * <p>This implementation gets an iterator over the specified collection
241      * and iterates over it, inserting the elements obtained from the
242      * iterator into this list at the appropriate position, one at a time,
243      * using {@code add(int, E)}.
244      * Many implementations will override this method for efficiency.
245      *
246      * <p>Note that this implementation throws an
247      * {@code UnsupportedOperationException} unless
248      * {@link #add(int, Object) add(int, E)} is overridden.
249      *
250      * @throws UnsupportedOperationException {@inheritDoc}
251      * @throws ClassCastException            {@inheritDoc}
252      * @throws NullPointerException          {@inheritDoc}
253      * @throws IllegalArgumentException      {@inheritDoc}
254      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException     {@inheritDoc}
255      */
addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c)256     public boolean addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c) {
257         rangeCheckForAdd(index);
258         boolean modified = false;
259         for (E e : c) {
260             add(index++, e);
261             modified = true;
262         }
263         return modified;
264     }
265 
266 
267     // Iterators
268 
269     /**
270      * Returns an iterator over the elements in this list in proper sequence.
271      *
272      * <p>This implementation returns a straightforward implementation of the
273      * iterator interface, relying on the backing list's {@code size()},
274      * {@code get(int)}, and {@code remove(int)} methods.
275      *
276      * <p>Note that the iterator returned by this method will throw an
277      * {@link UnsupportedOperationException} in response to its
278      * {@code remove} method unless the list's {@code remove(int)} method is
279      * overridden.
280      *
281      * <p>This implementation can be made to throw runtime exceptions in the
282      * face of concurrent modification, as described in the specification
283      * for the (protected) {@link #modCount} field.
284      *
285      * @return an iterator over the elements in this list in proper sequence
286      */
iterator()287     public Iterator<E> iterator() {
288         return new Itr();
289     }
290 
291     /**
292      * {@inheritDoc}
293      *
294      * <p>This implementation returns {@code listIterator(0)}.
295      *
296      * @see #listIterator(int)
297      */
listIterator()298     public ListIterator<E> listIterator() {
299         return listIterator(0);
300     }
301 
302     /**
303      * {@inheritDoc}
304      *
305      * <p>This implementation returns a straightforward implementation of the
306      * {@code ListIterator} interface that extends the implementation of the
307      * {@code Iterator} interface returned by the {@code iterator()} method.
308      * The {@code ListIterator} implementation relies on the backing list's
309      * {@code get(int)}, {@code set(int, E)}, {@code add(int, E)}
310      * and {@code remove(int)} methods.
311      *
312      * <p>Note that the list iterator returned by this implementation will
313      * throw an {@link UnsupportedOperationException} in response to its
314      * {@code remove}, {@code set} and {@code add} methods unless the
315      * list's {@code remove(int)}, {@code set(int, E)}, and
316      * {@code add(int, E)} methods are overridden.
317      *
318      * <p>This implementation can be made to throw runtime exceptions in the
319      * face of concurrent modification, as described in the specification for
320      * the (protected) {@link #modCount} field.
321      *
322      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
323      */
listIterator(final int index)324     public ListIterator<E> listIterator(final int index) {
325         rangeCheckForAdd(index);
326 
327         return new ListItr(index);
328     }
329 
330     private class Itr implements Iterator<E> {
331         /**
332          * Index of element to be returned by subsequent call to next.
333          */
334         int cursor = 0;
335 
336         /**
337          * Index of element returned by most recent call to next or
338          * previous.  Reset to -1 if this element is deleted by a call
339          * to remove.
340          */
341         int lastRet = -1;
342 
343         /**
344          * The modCount value that the iterator believes that the backing
345          * List should have.  If this expectation is violated, the iterator
346          * has detected concurrent modification.
347          */
348         int expectedModCount = modCount;
349 
hasNext()350         public boolean hasNext() {
351             return cursor != size();
352         }
353 
next()354         public E next() {
355             checkForComodification();
356             try {
357                 int i = cursor;
358                 E next = get(i);
359                 lastRet = i;
360                 cursor = i + 1;
361                 return next;
362             } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
363                 checkForComodification();
364                 throw new NoSuchElementException();
365             }
366         }
367 
remove()368         public void remove() {
369             if (lastRet < 0)
370                 throw new IllegalStateException();
371             checkForComodification();
372 
373             try {
374                 AbstractList.this.remove(lastRet);
375                 if (lastRet < cursor)
376                     cursor--;
377                 lastRet = -1;
378                 expectedModCount = modCount;
379             } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
380                 throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
381             }
382         }
383 
checkForComodification()384         final void checkForComodification() {
385             if (modCount != expectedModCount)
386                 throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
387         }
388     }
389 
390     private class ListItr extends Itr implements ListIterator<E> {
ListItr(int index)391         ListItr(int index) {
392             cursor = index;
393         }
394 
hasPrevious()395         public boolean hasPrevious() {
396             return cursor != 0;
397         }
398 
previous()399         public E previous() {
400             checkForComodification();
401             try {
402                 int i = cursor - 1;
403                 E previous = get(i);
404                 lastRet = cursor = i;
405                 return previous;
406             } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
407                 checkForComodification();
408                 throw new NoSuchElementException();
409             }
410         }
411 
nextIndex()412         public int nextIndex() {
413             return cursor;
414         }
415 
previousIndex()416         public int previousIndex() {
417             return cursor-1;
418         }
419 
set(E e)420         public void set(E e) {
421             if (lastRet < 0)
422                 throw new IllegalStateException();
423             checkForComodification();
424 
425             try {
426                 AbstractList.this.set(lastRet, e);
427                 expectedModCount = modCount;
428             } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ex) {
429                 throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
430             }
431         }
432 
add(E e)433         public void add(E e) {
434             checkForComodification();
435 
436             try {
437                 int i = cursor;
438                 AbstractList.this.add(i, e);
439                 lastRet = -1;
440                 cursor = i + 1;
441                 expectedModCount = modCount;
442             } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ex) {
443                 throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
444             }
445         }
446     }
447 
448     /**
449      * {@inheritDoc}
450      *
451      * <p>This implementation returns a list that subclasses
452      * {@code AbstractList}.  The subclass stores, in private fields, the
453      * offset of the subList within the backing list, the size of the subList
454      * (which can change over its lifetime), and the expected
455      * {@code modCount} value of the backing list.  There are two variants
456      * of the subclass, one of which implements {@code RandomAccess}.
457      * If this list implements {@code RandomAccess} the returned list will
458      * be an instance of the subclass that implements {@code RandomAccess}.
459      *
460      * <p>The subclass's {@code set(int, E)}, {@code get(int)},
461      * {@code add(int, E)}, {@code remove(int)}, {@code addAll(int,
462      * Collection)} and {@code removeRange(int, int)} methods all
463      * delegate to the corresponding methods on the backing abstract list,
464      * after bounds-checking the index and adjusting for the offset.  The
465      * {@code addAll(Collection c)} method merely returns {@code addAll(size,
466      * c)}.
467      *
468      * <p>The {@code listIterator(int)} method returns a "wrapper object"
469      * over a list iterator on the backing list, which is created with the
470      * corresponding method on the backing list.  The {@code iterator} method
471      * merely returns {@code listIterator()}, and the {@code size} method
472      * merely returns the subclass's {@code size} field.
473      *
474      * <p>All methods first check to see if the actual {@code modCount} of
475      * the backing list is equal to its expected value, and throw a
476      * {@code ConcurrentModificationException} if it is not.
477      *
478      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if an endpoint index value is out of range
479      *         {@code (fromIndex < 0 || toIndex > size)}
480      * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the endpoint indices are out of order
481      *         {@code (fromIndex > toIndex)}
482      */
subList(int fromIndex, int toIndex)483     public List<E> subList(int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
484         return (this instanceof RandomAccess ?
485                 new RandomAccessSubList<>(this, fromIndex, toIndex) :
486                 new SubList<>(this, fromIndex, toIndex));
487     }
488 
489     // Comparison and hashing
490 
491     /**
492      * Compares the specified object with this list for equality.  Returns
493      * {@code true} if and only if the specified object is also a list, both
494      * lists have the same size, and all corresponding pairs of elements in
495      * the two lists are <i>equal</i>.  (Two elements {@code e1} and
496      * {@code e2} are <i>equal</i> if {@code (e1==null ? e2==null :
497      * e1.equals(e2))}.)  In other words, two lists are defined to be
498      * equal if they contain the same elements in the same order.<p>
499      *
500      * This implementation first checks if the specified object is this
501      * list. If so, it returns {@code true}; if not, it checks if the
502      * specified object is a list. If not, it returns {@code false}; if so,
503      * it iterates over both lists, comparing corresponding pairs of elements.
504      * If any comparison returns {@code false}, this method returns
505      * {@code false}.  If either iterator runs out of elements before the
506      * other it returns {@code false} (as the lists are of unequal length);
507      * otherwise it returns {@code true} when the iterations complete.
508      *
509      * @param o the object to be compared for equality with this list
510      * @return {@code true} if the specified object is equal to this list
511      */
equals(Object o)512     public boolean equals(Object o) {
513         if (o == this)
514             return true;
515         if (!(o instanceof List))
516             return false;
517 
518         ListIterator<E> e1 = listIterator();
519         ListIterator<?> e2 = ((List<?>) o).listIterator();
520         while (e1.hasNext() && e2.hasNext()) {
521             E o1 = e1.next();
522             Object o2 = e2.next();
523             if (!(o1==null ? o2==null : o1.equals(o2)))
524                 return false;
525         }
526         return !(e1.hasNext() || e2.hasNext());
527     }
528 
529     /**
530      * Returns the hash code value for this list.
531      *
532      * <p>This implementation uses exactly the code that is used to define the
533      * list hash function in the documentation for the {@link List#hashCode}
534      * method.
535      *
536      * @return the hash code value for this list
537      */
hashCode()538     public int hashCode() {
539         int hashCode = 1;
540         for (E e : this)
541             hashCode = 31*hashCode + (e==null ? 0 : e.hashCode());
542         return hashCode;
543     }
544 
545     /**
546      * Removes from this list all of the elements whose index is between
547      * {@code fromIndex}, inclusive, and {@code toIndex}, exclusive.
548      * Shifts any succeeding elements to the left (reduces their index).
549      * This call shortens the list by {@code (toIndex - fromIndex)} elements.
550      * (If {@code toIndex==fromIndex}, this operation has no effect.)
551      *
552      * <p>This method is called by the {@code clear} operation on this list
553      * and its subLists.  Overriding this method to take advantage of
554      * the internals of the list implementation can <i>substantially</i>
555      * improve the performance of the {@code clear} operation on this list
556      * and its subLists.
557      *
558      * <p>This implementation gets a list iterator positioned before
559      * {@code fromIndex}, and repeatedly calls {@code ListIterator.next}
560      * followed by {@code ListIterator.remove} until the entire range has
561      * been removed.  <b>Note: if {@code ListIterator.remove} requires linear
562      * time, this implementation requires quadratic time.</b>
563      *
564      * @param fromIndex index of first element to be removed
565      * @param toIndex index after last element to be removed
566      */
removeRange(int fromIndex, int toIndex)567     protected void removeRange(int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
568         ListIterator<E> it = listIterator(fromIndex);
569         for (int i=0, n=toIndex-fromIndex; i<n; i++) {
570             it.next();
571             it.remove();
572         }
573     }
574 
575     /**
576      * The number of times this list has been <i>structurally modified</i>.
577      * Structural modifications are those that change the size of the
578      * list, or otherwise perturb it in such a fashion that iterations in
579      * progress may yield incorrect results.
580      *
581      * <p>This field is used by the iterator and list iterator implementation
582      * returned by the {@code iterator} and {@code listIterator} methods.
583      * If the value of this field changes unexpectedly, the iterator (or list
584      * iterator) will throw a {@code ConcurrentModificationException} in
585      * response to the {@code next}, {@code remove}, {@code previous},
586      * {@code set} or {@code add} operations.  This provides
587      * <i>fail-fast</i> behavior, rather than non-deterministic behavior in
588      * the face of concurrent modification during iteration.
589      *
590      * <p><b>Use of this field by subclasses is optional.</b> If a subclass
591      * wishes to provide fail-fast iterators (and list iterators), then it
592      * merely has to increment this field in its {@code add(int, E)} and
593      * {@code remove(int)} methods (and any other methods that it overrides
594      * that result in structural modifications to the list).  A single call to
595      * {@code add(int, E)} or {@code remove(int)} must add no more than
596      * one to this field, or the iterators (and list iterators) will throw
597      * bogus {@code ConcurrentModificationExceptions}.  If an implementation
598      * does not wish to provide fail-fast iterators, this field may be
599      * ignored.
600      */
601     protected transient int modCount = 0;
602 
rangeCheckForAdd(int index)603     private void rangeCheckForAdd(int index) {
604         if (index < 0 || index > size())
605             throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(outOfBoundsMsg(index));
606     }
607 
outOfBoundsMsg(int index)608     private String outOfBoundsMsg(int index) {
609         return "Index: "+index+", Size: "+size();
610     }
611 }
612 
613 class SubList<E> extends AbstractList<E> {
614     private final AbstractList<E> l;
615     private final int offset;
616     private int size;
617 
SubList(AbstractList<E> list, int fromIndex, int toIndex)618     SubList(AbstractList<E> list, int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
619         if (fromIndex < 0)
620             throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("fromIndex = " + fromIndex);
621         if (toIndex > list.size())
622             throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("toIndex = " + toIndex);
623         if (fromIndex > toIndex)
624             throw new IllegalArgumentException("fromIndex(" + fromIndex +
625                                                ") > toIndex(" + toIndex + ")");
626         l = list;
627         offset = fromIndex;
628         size = toIndex - fromIndex;
629         this.modCount = l.modCount;
630     }
631 
set(int index, E element)632     public E set(int index, E element) {
633         rangeCheck(index);
634         checkForComodification();
635         return l.set(index+offset, element);
636     }
637 
get(int index)638     public E get(int index) {
639         rangeCheck(index);
640         checkForComodification();
641         return l.get(index+offset);
642     }
643 
size()644     public int size() {
645         checkForComodification();
646         return size;
647     }
648 
add(int index, E element)649     public void add(int index, E element) {
650         rangeCheckForAdd(index);
651         checkForComodification();
652         l.add(index+offset, element);
653         this.modCount = l.modCount;
654         size++;
655     }
656 
remove(int index)657     public E remove(int index) {
658         rangeCheck(index);
659         checkForComodification();
660         E result = l.remove(index+offset);
661         this.modCount = l.modCount;
662         size--;
663         return result;
664     }
665 
removeRange(int fromIndex, int toIndex)666     protected void removeRange(int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
667         checkForComodification();
668         l.removeRange(fromIndex+offset, toIndex+offset);
669         this.modCount = l.modCount;
670         size -= (toIndex-fromIndex);
671     }
672 
addAll(Collection<? extends E> c)673     public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) {
674         return addAll(size, c);
675     }
676 
addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c)677     public boolean addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c) {
678         rangeCheckForAdd(index);
679         int cSize = c.size();
680         if (cSize==0)
681             return false;
682 
683         checkForComodification();
684         l.addAll(offset+index, c);
685         this.modCount = l.modCount;
686         size += cSize;
687         return true;
688     }
689 
iterator()690     public Iterator<E> iterator() {
691         return listIterator();
692     }
693 
listIterator(final int index)694     public ListIterator<E> listIterator(final int index) {
695         checkForComodification();
696         rangeCheckForAdd(index);
697 
698         return new ListIterator<E>() {
699             private final ListIterator<E> i = l.listIterator(index+offset);
700 
701             public boolean hasNext() {
702                 return nextIndex() < size;
703             }
704 
705             public E next() {
706                 if (hasNext())
707                     return i.next();
708                 else
709                     throw new NoSuchElementException();
710             }
711 
712             public boolean hasPrevious() {
713                 return previousIndex() >= 0;
714             }
715 
716             public E previous() {
717                 if (hasPrevious())
718                     return i.previous();
719                 else
720                     throw new NoSuchElementException();
721             }
722 
723             public int nextIndex() {
724                 return i.nextIndex() - offset;
725             }
726 
727             public int previousIndex() {
728                 return i.previousIndex() - offset;
729             }
730 
731             public void remove() {
732                 i.remove();
733                 SubList.this.modCount = l.modCount;
734                 size--;
735             }
736 
737             public void set(E e) {
738                 i.set(e);
739             }
740 
741             public void add(E e) {
742                 i.add(e);
743                 SubList.this.modCount = l.modCount;
744                 size++;
745             }
746         };
747     }
748 
subList(int fromIndex, int toIndex)749     public List<E> subList(int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
750         return new SubList<>(this, fromIndex, toIndex);
751     }
752 
rangeCheck(int index)753     private void rangeCheck(int index) {
754         if (index < 0 || index >= size)
755             throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(outOfBoundsMsg(index));
756     }
757 
rangeCheckForAdd(int index)758     private void rangeCheckForAdd(int index) {
759         if (index < 0 || index > size)
760             throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(outOfBoundsMsg(index));
761     }
762 
outOfBoundsMsg(int index)763     private String outOfBoundsMsg(int index) {
764         return "Index: "+index+", Size: "+size;
765     }
766 
checkForComodification()767     private void checkForComodification() {
768         if (this.modCount != l.modCount)
769             throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
770     }
771 }
772 
773 class RandomAccessSubList<E> extends SubList<E> implements RandomAccess {
774     RandomAccessSubList(AbstractList<E> list, int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
775         super(list, fromIndex, toIndex);
776     }
777 
778     public List<E> subList(int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
779         return new RandomAccessSubList<>(this, fromIndex, toIndex);
780     }
781 }
782