1
2   NOTE! This copyright does *not* cover user programs that use kernel
3 services by normal system calls - this is merely considered normal use
4 of the kernel, and does *not* fall under the heading of "derived work".
5 Also note that the GPL below is copyrighted by the Free Software
6 Foundation, but the instance of code that it refers to (the linux
7 kernel) is copyrighted by me and others who actually wrote it.
8
9			Linus Torvalds
10
11----------------------------------------
12
13		    GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
14		       Version 2, June 1991
15
16 Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
17                          675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
18 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
19 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
20
21			    Preamble
22
23  The licenses for most software are designed to take away your
24freedom to share and change it.  By contrast, the GNU General Public
25License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free
26software--to make sure the software is free for all its users.  This
27General Public License applies to most of the Free Software
28Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to
29using it.  (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by
30the GNU Library General Public License instead.)  You can apply it to
31your programs, too.
32
33  When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
34price.  Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
35have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
36this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it
37if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it
38in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.
39
40  To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid
41anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights.
42These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you
43distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.
44
45  For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether
46gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that
47you have.  You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the
48source code.  And you must show them these terms so they know their
49rights.
50
51  We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and
52(2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy,
53distribute and/or modify the software.
54
55  Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain
56that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free
57software.  If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we
58want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so
59that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original
60authors' reputations.
61
62  Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software
63patents.  We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free
64program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the
65program proprietary.  To prevent this, we have made it clear that any
66patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.
67
68  The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
69modification follow.
70
71		    GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
72   TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
73
74  0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains
75a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed
76under the terms of this General Public License.  The "Program", below,
77refers to any such program or work, and a "work based on the Program"
78means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law:
79that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it,
80either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another
81language.  (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in
82the term "modification".)  Each licensee is addressed as "you".
83
84Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not
85covered by this License; they are outside its scope.  The act of
86running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program
87is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the
88Program (independent of having been made by running the Program).
89Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.
90
91  1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's
92source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you
93conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate
94copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the
95notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty;
96and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License
97along with the Program.
98
99You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and
100you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.
101
102  2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion
103of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and
104distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1
105above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:
106
107    a) You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices
108    stating that you changed the files and the date of any change.
109
110    b) You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in
111    whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any
112    part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third
113    parties under the terms of this License.
114
115    c) If the modified program normally reads commands interactively
116    when run, you must cause it, when started running for such
117    interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an
118    announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a
119    notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide
120    a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under
121    these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this
122    License.  (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but
123    does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on
124    the Program is not required to print an announcement.)
125
126These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole.  If
127identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program,
128and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in
129themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those
130sections when you distribute them as separate works.  But when you
131distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based
132on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of
133this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the
134entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.
135
136Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest
137your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to
138exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or
139collective works based on the Program.
140
141In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program
142with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of
143a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under
144the scope of this License.
145
146  3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it,
147under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of
148Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:
149
150    a) Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable
151    source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections
152    1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
153
154    b) Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three
155    years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your
156    cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete
157    machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be
158    distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium
159    customarily used for software interchange; or,
160
161    c) Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer
162    to distribute corresponding source code.  (This alternative is
163    allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you
164    received the program in object code or executable form with such
165    an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)
166
167The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for
168making modifications to it.  For an executable work, complete source
169code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any
170associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to
171control compilation and installation of the executable.  However, as a
172special exception, the source code distributed need not include
173anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary
174form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the
175operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component
176itself accompanies the executable.
177
178If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering
179access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent
180access to copy the source code from the same place counts as
181distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not
182compelled to copy the source along with the object code.
183
184  4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program
185except as expressly provided under this License.  Any attempt
186otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is
187void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
188However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under
189this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
190parties remain in full compliance.
191
192  5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not
193signed it.  However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or
194distribute the Program or its derivative works.  These actions are
195prohibited by law if you do not accept this License.  Therefore, by
196modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the
197Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and
198all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying
199the Program or works based on it.
200
201  6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the
202Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the
203original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to
204these terms and conditions.  You may not impose any further
205restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein.
206You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to
207this License.
208
209  7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent
210infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues),
211conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
212otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
213excuse you from the conditions of this License.  If you cannot
214distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this
215License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you
216may not distribute the Program at all.  For example, if a patent
217license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by
218all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then
219the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to
220refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.
221
222If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under
223any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to
224apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other
225circumstances.
226
227It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any
228patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any
229such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the
230integrity of the free software distribution system, which is
231implemented by public license practices.  Many people have made
232generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed
233through that system in reliance on consistent application of that
234system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing
235to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot
236impose that choice.
237
238This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to
239be a consequence of the rest of this License.
240
241  8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in
242certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the
243original copyright holder who places the Program under this License
244may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding
245those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among
246countries not thus excluded.  In such case, this License incorporates
247the limitation as if written in the body of this License.
248
249  9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions
250of the General Public License from time to time.  Such new versions will
251be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
252address new problems or concerns.
253
254Each version is given a distinguishing version number.  If the Program
255specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and "any
256later version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions
257either of that version or of any later version published by the Free
258Software Foundation.  If the Program does not specify a version number of
259this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software
260Foundation.
261
262  10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free
263programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author
264to ask for permission.  For software which is copyrighted by the Free
265Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes
266make exceptions for this.  Our decision will be guided by the two goals
267of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and
268of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.
269
270			    NO WARRANTY
271
272  11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY
273FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW.  EXCEPT WHEN
274OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES
275PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED
276OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
277MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  THE ENTIRE RISK AS
278TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU.  SHOULD THE
279PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING,
280REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
281
282  12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
283WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR
284REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES,
285INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING
286OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED
287TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY
288YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER
289PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE
290POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
291
292		     END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
293
294	Appendix: How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
295
296  If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
297possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
298free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
299
300  To do so, attach the following notices to the program.  It is safest
301to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
302convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
303the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
304
305    <one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
306    Copyright (C) 19yy  <name of author>
307
308    This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
309    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
310    the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
311    (at your option) any later version.
312
313    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
314    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
315    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
316    GNU General Public License for more details.
317
318    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
319    along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
320    Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
321
322Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
323
324If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this
325when it starts in an interactive mode:
326
327    Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 19yy name of author
328    Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
329    This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
330    under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
331
332The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
333parts of the General Public License.  Of course, the commands you use may
334be called something other than `show w' and `show c'; they could even be
335mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your program.
336
337You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your
338school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if
339necessary.  Here is a sample; alter the names:
340
341  Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program
342  `Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker.
343
344  <signature of Ty Coon>, 1 April 1989
345  Ty Coon, President of Vice
346
347This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into
348proprietary programs.  If your program is a subroutine library, you may
349consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the
350library.  If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General
351Public License instead of this License.
352