1# © 2016 and later: Unicode, Inc. and others.
2# License & terms of use: http://www.unicode.org/copyright.html
3# Generated using tools/cldr/cldr-to-icu/build-icu-data.xml
4#
5# File: am_am_FONIPA.txt
6# Generated from CLDR
7#
8
9# Transforms Amharic (am) to Amharic in phonemic IPA transcription (am_FONIPA).
10#
11# Long vowels, long/geminated consonants:
12#     In the direction from am_FONIPA to am, we emit Ethiopic gemination
13#     and vowel length markers (U+135D, U+135E, U+135F) although
14#     they are rarely written in Amharic text. Exceptions include
15#     school books and textbooks for non-native speakers.
16#     Clients who do not want these markers can easily strip them off
17#     in a post-processing step.
18#
19# Labialization:
20#     Amharic speakers will usually say ሟ as [mʷa] instead of [mwa];
21#     labializing [m] instead of saying [m] followed by a separate [w].
22#     Most Amharic consonants can get labialized. To keep the phonemic
23#     transcription simple, we emit /m/ + /w/; otherwise, our phoneme
24#     set would almost double, and it would include very unusual phonemes
25#     such as /ɲʷ/ or /t\u0361ʃʼʷ/.
26#
27# References:
28#     [1] The Ge’ez Frontier Foundation: “Principles and Specification
29#     for Mnemonic Ethiopic Keyboards.” Version of January 17, 2009;
30#     retrieved on November 4, 2014.
31#     http://keyboards.ethiopic.org/specification/GFF-MnemonicEthiopicKeyboardSpecification.pdf
32#     Other than most online sources, this report uses correct IPA notation
33#     with the exception of /j/, which it consistently (but wrongly)
34#     writes as */y/.
35$IPA_VOWEL = [aeəiɨou];
36$IPA_CONSONANT = [mnɲɴ p{pʼ}bt{tʼ}dk{kʼ}ɡʔʕ fvs{sʼ}zʃʒxh lr {t\u0361ʃ}{t\u0361ʃʼ}{d\u0361ʒ}];
37# Some consonants have a special syllable when labialized, such as ፗ ↔ /pʷa/.
38# Amharic restricts this mostly to /a/ syllables. While the Ethiopic script
39# does offer labialized syllables for other vowels, these are typically
40# not written in Amharic.
41$LABIALIZABLE_BEFORE_A = [p{pʼ}t{tʼ} {t\u0361ʃ}{t\u0361ʃʼ}{d\u0361ʒ}{d\u0361ʒʼ} s{sʼ}zʃʒ fv r];
42← [ ʼ  \u0361  \u035C  \u032F];
43::(null);
44# Appendix B of [1] transcribes ሀ as /hə/. However, according to
45# an Amharic-speaking person, there is no /hə/ sequence
46# in Amharic; instead, it gets pronounced as /ha/.
47ሀ → ha;
48ሀ ← hə;
49ሁ ↔ hu;
50ሂ ↔ hi;
51ሃ ↔ ha;
52ሄ ↔ he;
53ህ ↔ hɨ;
54ሆ ↔ ho;
55ሇ → ho;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /hɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
56ህ ← h;
57ለ ↔ lə;
58ሉ ↔ lu;
59ሊ ↔ li;
60ላ ↔ la;
61ሌ ↔ le;
62ል ↔ lɨ;
63ሎ ↔ lo;
64ⶀ → lo;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /lɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
65ሏ ↔ lwa;
66ል ← l;
67# Appendix B of [1] transcribes ሐ as Voiceless pharyngeal fricative
68# /ħə/.  However, according to an Amharic-speaking person, Amharic
69# makes no difference in pronunciation between ሐ...ሓ and ሀ...ሃ; both
70# are pronounced as Voiceless glottal fricative /h/.  Also, according
71# to the speaker there is no /hə/ sequence in Amharic; instead, it
72# gets pronounced as /ha/.
73ሐ → ha;
74ሑ → hu;
75ሒ → hi;
76ሓ → ha;
77ሔ → he;
78ሕ → hɨ;
79ሖ → ho;
80ሗ → hwa;
81መ ↔ mə;
82ሙ ↔ mu;
83ሚ ↔ mi;
84ማ ↔ ma;
85ሜ ↔ me;
86ም ↔ mɨ;
87ሞ ↔ mo;
88ⶁ → mo;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /mɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
89ᎀ → mwə;  # Sebatbeit /mwə/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
90ᎃ → mwu;  # Sebatbeit /mwu/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
91ᎁ → mwi;  # Sebatbeit /mwi/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
92ሟ ↔ mwa;
93ᎂ → mwe;  # Sebatbeit /mwe/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
94ፙ → mja;  # Unclear which language; Appendix L of [1] transcribes ፙ as /mʲa/.
95ም ← m;
96ሠ → sə;
97ሡ → su;
98ሢ → si;
99ሣ → sa;
100ሤ → se;
101ሥ → sɨ;
102ሦ → so;
103ሧ → swa;
104ረ ↔ rə;
105ሩ ↔ ru;
106ሪ ↔ ri;
107ራ ↔ ra;
108ሬ ↔ re;
109ር ↔ rɨ;
110ሮ ↔ ro;
111ⶂ → ro;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /rɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
112ሯ ↔ rwa;
113ፘ → rja;  # Unclear which language; Appendix L of [1] transcribes ፘ as /rʲa/.
114ር ← r;
115# Amharic speakers pronounce ⶠ like ሸ. Source: [1], Appendix B.
116ⶠ → ʃə;
117ⶡ → ʃu;
118ⶢ → ʃi;
119ⶣ → ʃa;
120ⶤ → ʃe;
121ⶥ → ʃɨ;
122ⶦ → ʃo;
123ሸ ↔ ʃə;
124ሹ ↔ ʃu;
125ሺ ↔ ʃi;
126ሻ ↔ ʃa;
127ሼ ↔ ʃe;
128ሽ ↔ ʃɨ;
129ሾ ↔ ʃo;
130ⶄ → ʃo;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /ʃɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
131ሿ ↔ ʃwa;
132ሽ ← ʃ;
133ቀ ↔ kʼə;
134ቁ ↔ kʼu;
135ቂ ↔ kʼi;
136ቃ ↔ kʼa;
137ቄ ↔ kʼe;
138ቅ ↔ kʼɨ;
139ቆ ↔ kʼo;
140ቇ → kʼo;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /kʼɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
141ቈ ↔ kʼwə;
142ቍ ↔ kʼwu;
143ቊ ↔ kʼwi;
144ቋ ↔ kʼwa;
145ቌ ↔ kʼwe;
146ቅ ← kʼ;
147# In Awngi, Blin, Qimant, and Xamtanga, ቐ is spoken as voiced uvular fricative [ʁ].
148# Source: [1], Appendix C. However, */ʁ/ is not an Amharic phoneme.
149# When reading foreign words with ቐ, Amharic speakers pronounce
150# ቐ like ቀ, i.e. as velar ejective /kʼ/.
151ቐ → kʼə;
152ቑ → kʼu;
153ቒ → kʼi;
154ቓ → kʼa;
155ቔ → kʼe;
156ቕ → kʼɨ;
157ቖ → kʼo;
158ቘ → kʼwə;
159ቝ → kʼwu;
160ቚ → kʼwi;
161ቛ → kʼwa;
162ቜ → kʼwe;
163# In Sebatbeit, ⷀ is spoken as palatalized velar ejective /kʼʲ/ ([1], Appendix H).
164# In Amharic, the syllable is not used, but it might appear in names.
165ⷀ → kʼjə;
166ⷁ → kʼju;
167ⷂ → kʼji;
168ⷃ → kʼja;
169ⷄ → kʼje;
170ⷅ → kʼjɨ;
171ⷆ → kʼjo;
172በ ↔ bə;
173ቡ ↔ bu;
174ቢ ↔ bi;
175ባ ↔ ba;
176ቤ ↔ be;
177ብ ↔ bɨ;
178ቦ ↔ bo;
179ⶅ → bo;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /bɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
180ᎄ → bwə;  # Sebatbeit /bʷə/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
181ᎇ → bwu;  # Sebatbeit /bʷu/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
182ᎅ → bwi;  # Sebatbeit /bʷi/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
183ቧ → bwa;  # Sebatbeit /bʷa/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
184ᎆ → bwe;  # Sebatbeit /bʷe/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
185ብ ← b;
186ቨ ↔ və;
187ቩ ↔ vu;
188ቪ ↔ vi;
189ቫ ↔ va;
190ቬ ↔ ve;
191ቭ ↔ vɨ;
192ቮ ↔ vo;
193ቯ ↔ vwa;
194ቭ ← v;
195# Unclear which Ethiopic language uses ⶨ. It only appears in the
196# “Language Neutral” list of Appendix L in [1], which transcribes it as t\u0361ʃ.
197# For Amharic, we pronounce ⶨ therefore like ቸ.
198ⶨ → t\u0361ʃə;
199ⶩ → t\u0361ʃu;
200ⶪ → t\u0361ʃi;
201ⶫ → t\u0361ʃa;
202ⶬ → t\u0361ʃe;
203ⶭ → t\u0361ʃɨ;
204ⶮ → t\u0361ʃo;
205# In Amharic, ኀ is pronounced like ሀ.
206# Source: [1], section on “Phonological Redundancy” for Amharic, page 5.
207# Appendix B of [1] transcribes ሀ as /hə/. However, according to
208# an Amharic-speaking person, there is no /hə/ sequence in Amharic.
209# Instead, ሀ (and hence also ኀ) gets pronounced as /ha/.
210ኀ → ha;
211ኁ → hu;
212ኂ → hi;
213ኃ → ha;
214ኄ → he;
215ኅ → hɨ;
216ኆ → ho;
217ኇ → ho;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /ŋɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
218ኈ → hwə;
219ኍ → hwu;
220ኊ → hwi;
221ኋ → hwa;
222ኌ → hwe;
223ነ ↔ nə;
224ኑ ↔ nu;
225ኒ ↔ ni;
226ና ↔ na;
227ኔ ↔ ne;
228ን ↔ nɨ;
229ኖ ↔ no;
230ⶈ → no;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /nɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
231ኗ ↔ nwa;
232ን ← n;
233ኘ ↔ ɲə;
234ኙ ↔ ɲu;
235ኚ ↔ ɲi;
236ኛ ↔ ɲa;
237ኜ ↔ ɲe;
238ኝ ↔ ɲɨ;
239ኞ ↔ ɲo;
240ⶉ → ɲo;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /ɲɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
241ኟ ↔ ɲwa;
242ኝ ← ɲ;
243# Amharic speakers pronounce ኸ as [h] because Amharic has no [x] sound.
244# However, in transliterations of foreign (eg. Spanish) words with [x],
245# several Amharic speakers have confirmed that they prefer ኻ over ሃ.
246ዀ → hwə;
247ዂ → hwi;
248ዃ → hwa;
249ዄ → hwe;
250ዅ → hwɨ;
251ኸ → hə;
252ኹ → hu;
253ኺ → hi;
254ኻ → ha;
255ኼ → he;
256ኽ → hɨ;
257ኾ → ho;
258ዀ ← xwə;
259ዂ ← xwi;
260ዃ ← xwa;
261ዄ ← xwe;
262ዅ ← xwɨ;
263ዅ ← xw;
264ኸ ← xə;
265ኹ ← xu;
266ኺ ← xi;
267ኻ ← xa;
268ኼ ← xe;
269ኽ ← xɨ;
270ኾ ← xo;
271ኽ ← x;
272አ ↔ ʔə;
273ኡ ↔ ʔu;
274ኢ ↔ ʔi;
275ኣ ↔ ʔa;
276ኤ ↔ ʔe;
277እ ↔ ʔɨ;
278ኦ ↔ ʔo;
279ⶊ → ʔo;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /ɲɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
280እ ← ʔ;
281ከ ↔ kə;
282ኩ ↔ ku;
283ኪ ↔ ki;
284ካ ↔ ka;
285ኬ ↔ ke;
286ክ ↔ kɨ;
287ኮ ↔ ko;
288ኰ ↔ kwə;
289ኵ ↔ kwu;
290ኲ ↔ kwi;
291ኳ ↔ kwa;
292ኴ ↔ kwe;
293ክ ← k;
294# In Sebatbeit, ⷈ is spoken as palatalized velar plosive /kʲ/ ([1], Appendix H).
295# Amharic speakers pronounce it as /k/ without palatalization.
296ⷈ → kə;
297ⷉ → ku;
298ⷊ → ki;
299ⷋ → ka;
300ⷌ → ke;
301ⷍ → kɨ;
302ⷎ → ko;
303# In Sebatbeit, ⷐ is spoken as palatalized voiceless velar fricative/xʲə/
304# according to [1], Appendix H. When the syllable appears in names,
305# Amharic speakers pronounce it as /kə/ without palatalization.
306ⷐ → kə;
307ⷑ → ku;
308ⷒ → ki;
309ⷓ → ka;
310ⷔ → ke;
311ⷕ → kɨ;
312ⷖ → ko;
313ወ ↔ wə;
314ዉ ↔ wu;
315ዊ ↔ wi;
316ዋ ↔ wa;
317ዌ ↔ we;
318ው ↔ wɨ;
319ዎ ↔ wo;
320ዏ → wo;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /wɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
321ው ← w;
322ዐ ↔ ʕə;
323ዑ ↔ ʕu;
324ዒ ↔ ʕi;
325ዓ ↔ ʕa;
326ዔ ↔ ʕe;
327ዕ ↔ ʕɨ;
328ዖ ↔ ʕo;
329ዒ ← ʕ;
330ዘ ↔ zə;
331ዙ ↔ zu;
332ዚ ↔ zi;
333ዛ ↔ za;
334ዜ ↔ ze;
335ዝ ↔ zɨ;
336ዞ ↔ zo;
337ⶋ → zo;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /zɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
338ዟ ↔ zwa;
339ዝ ← z;
340ዠ ↔ ʒə;
341ዡ ↔ ʒu;
342ዢ ↔ ʒi;
343ዣ ↔ ʒa;
344ዤ ↔ ʒe;
345ዥ ↔ ʒɨ;
346ዦ ↔ ʒo;
347ዧ ↔ ʒwa;
348ዢ ← ʒ;
349# Unclear which Ethiopic language uses ⶰ. It only appears in the
350# “Language Neutral” list of Appendix L in [1], which transcribes it as ʒ.
351# For Amharic, we pronounce ⶰ therefore like ዠ.
352ⶰ → ʒə;
353ⶱ → ʒu;
354ⶲ → ʒi;
355ⶳ → ʒa;
356ⶴ → ʒe;
357ⶵ → ʒɨ;
358ⶶ → ʒo;
359የ ↔ jə;
360ዩ ↔ ju;
361ዪ ↔ ji;
362ያ ↔ ja;
363ዬ ↔ je;
364ይ ↔ jɨ;
365ዮ ↔ jo;
366ዯ → jo;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /zɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
367ይ ← j;
368ጀ ↔ d\u0361ʒə;
369ጁ ↔ d\u0361ʒu;
370ጂ ↔ d\u0361ʒi;
371ጃ ↔ d\u0361ʒa;
372ጄ ↔ d\u0361ʒe;
373ጅ ↔ d\u0361ʒɨ;
374ጆ ↔ d\u0361ʒo;
375ጇ ↔ d\u0361ʒwa;
376ጅ ← d\u0361ʒ;
377ደ ↔ də;
378ዱ ↔ du;
379ዲ ↔ di;
380ዳ ↔ da;
381ዴ ↔ de;
382ድ ↔ dɨ;
383ዶ ↔ do;
384ⶌ → do;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /zɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
385ዷ ↔ dwa;
386ድ ← d;
387ገ ↔ ɡə;
388ጉ ↔ ɡu;
389ጊ ↔ ɡi;
390ጋ ↔ ɡa;
391ጌ ↔ ɡe;
392ግ ↔ ɡɨ;
393ጎ ↔ ɡo;
394ጐ ↔ ɡwə;
395ጕ ↔ ɡwu;
396ጒ ↔ ɡwi;
397ጓ ↔ ɡwa;
398ጔ ↔ ɡwe;
399ግ ← ɡ;
400# In Awngi, Blin, Qimant, and Xamtanga, ጘ is spoken as voiced velar nasal [ŋ].
401# Source: [1], Appendix C. While /ŋ/ is not an Amharic phoneme, Amharic speakers
402# still can pronounce it according to our source. However, when transliterating
403# foreign words with [ŋ], Amharic uses the sequence ንግ /nɡ/. For example,
404# the Amharic transliteration of Washington /waʃiŋtən/ is ዋሺንግተን.
405ጘ → ŋə;
406ጙ → ŋu;
407ጚ → ŋi;
408ጛ → ŋa;
409ጜ → ŋe;
410ጝ → ŋɨ;
411ጞ → ŋo;
412ⶓ → ŋwə;
413ⶖ → ŋwu;
414ⶔ → ŋwi;
415ጟ → ŋwa;
416ⶕ → ŋwe;
417# Since there is no uvular nasal [ɴ] in Amharic, we use the velar nasal [ŋ].
418ጘ ← ɴə;
419ጙ ← ɴu;
420ጚ ← ɴi;
421ጛ ← ɴa;
422ጜ ← ɴe;
423ጝ ← ɴɨ;
424ጞ ← ɴo;
425ጝ ← ɴ;
426# In Sebatbeit, ⷘ is spoken as palatalized voiced velar stop /ɡj/ ([1], Appendix H).
427# Amharic speakers pronounce it as voiced velar stop /ɡ/ without palatalization.
428ⷘ → ɡə;
429ⷙ → ɡu;
430ⷚ → ɡi;
431ⷛ → ɡa;
432ⷜ → ɡe;
433ⷝ → ɡɨ;
434ⷞ → ɡo;
435ጠ ↔ tʼə;
436ጡ ↔ tʼu;
437ጢ ↔ tʼi;
438ጣ ↔ tʼa;
439ጤ ↔ tʼe;
440ጥ ↔ tʼɨ;
441ጦ ↔ tʼo;
442ጧ ↔ tʼwa;
443ጢ ← tʼ;
444ጨ ↔ t\u0361ʃʼə;
445ጩ ↔ t\u0361ʃʼu;
446ጪ ↔ t\u0361ʃʼi;
447ጫ ↔ t\u0361ʃʼa;
448ጬ ↔ t\u0361ʃʼe;
449ጭ ↔ t\u0361ʃʼɨ;
450ጮ ↔ t\u0361ʃʼo;
451ⶐ → t\u0361ʃʼo;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /t\u0361ʃʼɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
452ጯ ↔ t\u0361ʃʼwa;
453ጪ ← t\u0361ʃʼ;
454# According to Appendix B of [1], the following are used in the Bench language
455# (aka Benchnon, Gimira). In Bench, ⶻ is pronounced as /ʈ\u0361ʂʼ/ Retroflex
456# ejective affricate; with a phonemic distrinction to the non-retroflex version.
457# Amharic does not have retroflex phonemes, so we go with /t\u0361ʃʼ/.
458ⶸ → t\u0361ʃʼə;
459ⶹ → t\u0361ʃʼu;
460ⶺ → t\u0361ʃʼi;
461ⶻ → t\u0361ʃʼa;
462ⶼ → t\u0361ʃʼe;
463ⶽ → t\u0361ʃʼɨ;
464ⶾ → t\u0361ʃʼo;
465ቸ ↔ t\u0361ʃə;
466ቹ ↔ t\u0361ʃu;
467ቺ ↔ t\u0361ʃi;
468ቻ ↔ t\u0361ʃa;
469ቼ ↔ t\u0361ʃe;
470ች ↔ t\u0361ʃɨ;
471ቾ ↔ t\u0361ʃo;
472ቿ ↔ t\u0361ʃwa;
473ች ← t\u0361ʃ;
474ተ ↔ tə;
475ቱ ↔ tu;
476ቲ ↔ ti;
477ታ ↔ ta;
478ቴ ↔ te;
479ት ↔ tɨ;
480ቶ ↔ to;
481ⶆ → to;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /tɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
482ቷ ↔ twa;
483ት ← t;
484ጰ ↔ pʼə;
485ጱ ↔ pʼu;
486ጲ ↔ pʼi;
487ጳ ↔ pʼa;
488ጴ ↔ pʼe;
489ጵ ↔ pʼɨ;
490ጶ ↔ pʼo;
491ⶑ → pʼo;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /pʼɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
492ጷ ↔ pʼwa;
493ጵ ← pʼ;
494ጸ ↔ sʼə;
495ጹ ↔ sʼu;
496ጺ ↔ sʼi;
497ጻ ↔ sʼa;
498ጼ ↔ sʼe;
499ጽ ↔ sʼɨ;
500ጾ ↔ sʼo;
501ጿ ↔ sʼwa;
502ጽ ← sʼ;
503# In Amharic, ፀ is pronounced like ጸ.
504# Source: [1], section on “Phonological Redundancy” for Amharic, page 5.
505ፀ → sʼə;
506ፁ → sʼu;
507ፂ → sʼi;
508ፃ → sʼa;
509ፄ → sʼe;
510ፅ → sʼɨ;
511ፆ → sʼo;
512ፇ → sʼo;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /sʼɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
513# Amharic speakers pronounce ሰ like ሠ. Source: [1], Appendix B.
514ሰ ↔ sə;
515ሱ ↔ su;
516ሲ ↔ si;
517ሳ ↔ sa;
518ሴ ↔ se;
519ስ ↔ sɨ;
520ሶ ↔ so;
521ⶃ → so;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /sɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
522ሷ ↔ swa;
523ስ ← s;
524ፈ ↔ fə;
525ፉ ↔ fu;
526ፊ ↔ fi;
527ፋ ↔ fa;
528ፌ ↔ fe;
529ፍ ↔ fɨ;
530ፎ ↔ fo;
531ᎈ → fwə;  # Sebatbeit /fwə/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
532ᎉ → fwu;  # Sebatbeit /fwu/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
533ᎋ → fwi;  # Sebatbeit /fwi/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
534ፏ ↔ fwa;
535ᎊ → fwe;  # Sebatbeit /fwe/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
536ፚ → fja;  # Unclear which language; Appendix L of [1] transcribes ፚ as /fja/.
537ፍ ← f;
538ፐ ↔ pə;
539ፑ ↔ pu;
540ፒ ↔ pi;
541ፓ ↔ pa;
542ፔ ↔ pe;
543ፕ ↔ pɨ;
544ፖ ↔ po;
545ⶒ → po;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /pɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
546ᎌ → pwə;  # Sebatbeit /pwə/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
547ᎍ → pwu;  # Sebatbeit /pwu/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
548ᎏ → pwi;  # Sebatbeit /pwi/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
549ፗ ↔ pwa;
550ᎎ → pwe;  # Sebatbeit /pwe/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
551ፕ ← p;
552ኧ ↔ ə;
553ኡ ← u;  # ኡላዓን ባዓታር ← Ulaan Baatar /ulaʕan baʕatar/
554አ ← a;  # አምስተርዳም ← Amsterdam /amstərdam/
555ኤ ← e;
556እ ← ɨ;
557ኦ ← o;  # ፖርት ኦፍ ስፔን ← Port of Spain /port of speːn/
558ኢ ← i;  # ኢስላማባድ ← Islamabad /islamabad/
559# Applications will typically split words before calling our rules.
560# To be resilient, we replace punctuation by whitespace in IPA.
561፠ → ' ';  # U+1360 ETHIOPIC SECTION MARK
562፡ → ' ';  # U+1361 ETHIOPIC WORDSPACE
563። → ' ';  # U+1362 ETHIOPIC FULL STOP
564፣ → ' ';  # U+1363 ETHIOPIC COMMA
565፤ → ' ';  # U+1364 ETHIOPIC SEMICOLON
566፥ → ' ';  # U+1365 ETHIOPIC COLON
567፦ → ' ';  # U+1366 ETHIOPIC PREFACE COLON
568፧ → ' ';  # U+1367 ETHIOPIC QUESTION MARK
569፨ → ' ';  # U+1368 ETHIOPIC PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR
570# Likewise, Ethiopic numberals cannot be pronounced by these rules,
571# so we replace them by whitespace in the output IPA notation.
572# Applications will typically pre-process text before calling
573# the am → am_FONIPA transform.
574፩ → ' ';  # U+1369 ETHIOPIC DIGIT ONE
575፪ → ' ';  # U+136A ETHIOPIC DIGIT TWO
576፫ → ' ';  # U+136B ETHIOPIC DIGIT THREE
577፬ → ' ';  # U+136C ETHIOPIC DIGIT FOUR
578፭ → ' ';  # U+136D ETHIOPIC DIGIT FIVE
579፮ → ' ';  # U+136E ETHIOPIC DIGIT SIX
580፯ → ' ';  # U+136F ETHIOPIC DIGIT SEVEN
581፰ → ' ';  # U+1370 ETHIOPIC DIGIT EIGHT
582፱ → ' ';  # U+1371 ETHIOPIC DIGIT NINE
583፲ → ' ';  # U+1372 ETHIOPIC NUMBER TEN
584፳ → ' ';  # U+1373 ETHIOPIC NUMBER TWENTY
585፴ → ' ';  # U+1374 ETHIOPIC NUMBER THIRTY
586፵ → ' ';  # U+1375 ETHIOPIC NUMBER FORTY
587፶ → ' ';  # U+1376 ETHIOPIC NUMBER FIFTY
588፷ → ' ';  # U+1377 ETHIOPIC NUMBER SIXTY
589፸ → ' ';  # U+1378 ETHIOPIC NUMBER SEVENTY
590፹ → ' ';  # U+1379 ETHIOPIC NUMBER EIGHTY
591፺ → ' ';  # U+137A ETHIOPIC NUMBER NINETY
592፻ → ' ';  # U+137B ETHIOPIC NUMBER HUNDRED
593፼ → ' ';  # U+137C ETHIOPIC NUMBER TEN THOUSAND
594# Transform IPA length markers to one of these:
595# U+135D ETHIOPIC COMBINING GEMINATION AND VOWEL LENGTH MARK
596# U+135E ETHIOPIC COMBINING VOWEL LENGTH MARK
597# U+135F ETHIOPIC COMBINING GEMINATION MARK
598::null();
599← ː ;  # Strip off any remaining IPA length markers.
600::(null);
601($IPA_CONSONANT) ([jw]? $IPA_VOWEL) \u135D → $1 ː $2 ː;
602($IPA_CONSONANT) ([jw]? $IPA_VOWEL) \u135E → $1 $2 ː;
603($IPA_CONSONANT) ([jw]? $IPA_VOWEL?) \u135F → $1 ː $2;
604[\u135D \u135E \u135F] → ;  # Strip off any remaining length markers.
605$1 wa \u135D ← ($LABIALIZABLE_BEFORE_A) ː waː;  # ቷ\u135D ← [tːʷaː]
606$1 wa \u135E ← ($LABIALIZABLE_BEFORE_A)   waː;  # ቷ\u135E ← [tʷaː]
607$1 wa \u135F ← ($LABIALIZABLE_BEFORE_A) ː wa;   # አቷ\u135F ← [tːʷa]
608$1 \u135F $2 \u135E ← ([b $LABIALIZABLE_BEFORE_A]) ː ([jw] $IPA_VOWEL) ː;
609$1 \u135F $2 ← {([b $LABIALIZABLE_BEFORE_A]) ː ([jw] $IPA_VOWEL?)};
610$1 \u135E ← ($IPA_VOWEL ː);
611$1 \u135D ← (jː $IPA_VOWEL ː);
612$1 \u135E ← ([jw] $IPA_VOWEL ː);
613$1 \u135F ← (jː $IPA_VOWEL?);
614$1 \u135D ← ($IPA_CONSONANT ː [w]? $IPA_VOWEL ː);
615$1 \u135E ← ($IPA_CONSONANT [w]? $IPA_VOWEL ː);
616$1 \u135F ← ($IPA_CONSONANT ː [w]? $IPA_VOWEL?);
617# Insert syllable markers in a separate pass.
618::null;
619{($IPA_VOWEL ː?)} [[:L:]] → $1 \.;
620::(null);
621← [ˈˌ\. \u0303\u032F];
622aj ← ai;     # Nairobi /nairobi/ ናይሮቢ, Cairo /kairo/ ካይሮ
623aw ← au;     # Bissau /bisːau/ ቢሳው
624eji ← ei;    # Beijing /beid\u0361ʒiŋ/ ቤዪጂንግ
625ewo ← eo;    # Montevideo /montevideo/ ሞንቴቪዴዎ
626ija ← ia;    # Monrovia /monrovia/ ሞንሮቪያ
627ijə ← iə;    # Reunion /rijunijən/ ሪዩኒየን
628iw ← iu;     # Vilnius /vilnius/ ቪልኒውስ, New Delhi /niu deːli/ ኒው ዴሊ
629jo ← io;     # Tokyo /tokio/ ቶክዮ
630nɡ ← ŋɡ;     # Kongo /koŋɡo/ ኮንጎ, Hungary /həŋɡari/ ሀንጋሪ
631nɡ ← ŋ;      # Bangkok /baŋkok/ ባንግኮክ, Beijing /beid\u0361ʒiŋ/ ቤዪጂንግ
632uwa ← ua;    # Kuala Lumpur /kuala lumpur/ ኩዋላ ሉምፑር, Ruanda /ruanda/ ሩዋንዳ
633bwe ← bue;   # Buenos Aires /buenos aires/ ብዌኖስ አይሬስ
634sʼ ← t\u0361s;     # Podgorica /podɡorit\u0361sa/ ፖድጎሪጻ, Vaduz /fadut\u0361s/ ፋዱጽ
635uwi ← ui;    # Port Luis /port luis/ ፖርት ሉዊስ
636uwe ← ue;    # Lithuania /lituenia/ ሊቱዌኒያ, Venezuela /venɨzuela/ ቬንዙዌላ
637::(null);
638ʔə ← \. ə;
639ʔu ← \. u;
640ʔi ← \. i;
641ʔa ← \. a;
642ʔe ← \. e;
643ʔɨ ← \. ɨ;
644ʔo ← \. o;
645$1 w ← {($IPA_VOWEL ː?) \u032F} $IPA_VOWEL;  # /ewowa/ ← /e\u032Fo\u032Fa/
646::(null);
647n ← [n {n\u033C} {n\u033C\u030A} {m\u033A} {n\u030A} {n\u0325} ⁿ ᵑ];
648m ← [ɱ {m\u0325} {m\u032A} ᵐ];
649ɲ ← [{ɳ\u030A} {ɳ\u0325} ɳ {ɲ\u030A} {ɲ\u0325} ɲ];
650ŋ ← [{ŋ\u030A} {ŋ\u0325} ŋ];
651ɴ ← [{ɴ\u030A} {ɴ\u0325} ɴ];
652p ← [{t\u033C} {p\u033A}];
653pʼ ← [ʘ ɋ];
654b ← [{d\u033C} {b\u033A} {ɾ\u033C} ɓ];
655t ← [{t\u032A} ʈ];
656tʼ ← [ǁ ʖ];
657d ← [ɖ ɗ ᶑ];
658k ← q;
659kʼ ←  [ǃ ʗ];
660ɡ ← [g ɢ ɣ ɠ ʛ];
661nɡ ← ᵑɡ;
662ʔ ← ʡ;
663s ← [θ {θ\u0331} {θ\u031E} {θ\u033C} {ɸ\u033A}];
664z ← [ð {ð\u0320} {ð\u033C} {β\u033A}];
665sʼ ← [{t\u0361s} {t\u035Cs} ʦ];
666t\u0361ʃ ← [{t\u035Cʃ} ʧ {t\u0361ɕ} {t\u035Cɕ} ʨ {ʈ\u0361ʂ} c];
667t\u0361ʃʼ ← [ǀ ʇ ǂ ʄ];
668d\u0361ʒ ← [ʤ ʣ {d\u0361z} {d\u035Cz} {d\u0361ɕ} ʥ {d\u0361ʑ} {d\u035Cʑ} {ɖ\u0361ʐ} {d\u0361ʐ} ɟ];
669pf ← [{p\u032A} {p\u0346} ȹ {p\u0361f} {p\u032Af} {p\u032A\u035Cf}];
670bv ← [{b\u032A} {b\u0346} ȸ {b\u0361v} {b\u032A\u0361v}];
671ʃ ← [ʂ ɕ];
672ʒ ← [ʐ ʑ];
673r ← [ɾ ɽ ʁ];
674rːʒ ← r\u031Dː;
675rʒ ← r\u031D;
676v ← β;
677x ← [ç x χ];
678ʕ ← ʕ\u031D;
679h ← ɦ;
680j ← [ʝ ʲ];
681lj ← ʎ [iɨ]? [jʝʲ]?;
682t\u0361ʃl ← [{t\u0361ɬ} {tɬ}];
683ʃl ← ɬ;
684w ← {u\u032F} $IPA_VOWEL;
685w ← ʷ;
686ʼː ← ːʼ;  # /pʼː/ ← /pːʼ/; /sʼː/ ← /sːʼ/; etc.
687::(null);
688i ← y;
689ɨ ← [ɪ ʉ];
690u ← [ʊ ɯ];
691ə ← [ɛ æ ɘ];
692o ← [ɔ ø];
693a ← ɑ;
694ʼ ← ʰ;
695← [ʱ];
696$1ːʲ ← ([pbtd])ʲː;  # [bːʲeː] ← [bʲːeː]
697$1ːʷ ← ([pbtd])ʷː;  # [bːʷeː] ← [bʷːeː]
698::(NFC);
699← [ \u0303  \u0330  \u030B  \u0301  \u0304  \u0300  \u030F  \u030C  \u0302 ˥ ˦ ˧ ˨ ˩ ꜜ ꜛ ↗ ↘ ];
700::(NFD);
701
702