xref: /packages/modules/NetworkStack/src/android/net/dhcp/DhcpClient.java

/*
 * Copyright (C) 2015 The Android Open Source Project
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package android.net.dhcp;

import static android.net.dhcp.DhcpPacket.CONFIG_MINIMUM_LEASE;
import static android.net.dhcp.DhcpPacket.DEFAULT_MINIMUM_LEASE;
import static android.net.dhcp.DhcpPacket.DHCP_BROADCAST_ADDRESS;
import static android.net.dhcp.DhcpPacket.DHCP_CAPTIVE_PORTAL;
import static android.net.dhcp.DhcpPacket.DHCP_DNS_SERVER;
import static android.net.dhcp.DhcpPacket.DHCP_DOMAIN_NAME;
import static android.net.dhcp.DhcpPacket.DHCP_DOMAIN_SEARCHLIST;
import static android.net.dhcp.DhcpPacket.DHCP_IPV6_ONLY_PREFERRED;
import static android.net.dhcp.DhcpPacket.DHCP_LEASE_TIME;
import static android.net.dhcp.DhcpPacket.DHCP_MTU;
import static android.net.dhcp.DhcpPacket.DHCP_REBINDING_TIME;
import static android.net.dhcp.DhcpPacket.DHCP_RENEWAL_TIME;
import static android.net.dhcp.DhcpPacket.DHCP_ROUTER;
import static android.net.dhcp.DhcpPacket.DHCP_SUBNET_MASK;
import static android.net.dhcp.DhcpPacket.DHCP_VENDOR_INFO;
import static android.net.dhcp.DhcpPacket.INADDR_ANY;
import static android.net.dhcp.DhcpPacket.INADDR_BROADCAST;
import static android.net.dhcp.DhcpPacket.INFINITE_LEASE;
import static android.net.util.SocketUtils.makePacketSocketAddress;
import static android.provider.DeviceConfig.NAMESPACE_CONNECTIVITY;
import static android.system.OsConstants.AF_INET;
import static android.system.OsConstants.AF_PACKET;
import static android.system.OsConstants.ETH_P_ARP;
import static android.system.OsConstants.ETH_P_IP;
import static android.system.OsConstants.IPPROTO_UDP;
import static android.system.OsConstants.SOCK_DGRAM;
import static android.system.OsConstants.SOCK_NONBLOCK;
import static android.system.OsConstants.SOCK_RAW;
import static android.system.OsConstants.SOL_SOCKET;
import static android.system.OsConstants.SO_BROADCAST;
import static android.system.OsConstants.SO_RCVBUF;
import static android.system.OsConstants.SO_REUSEADDR;

import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.ARP_REQUEST;
import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.ETHER_ADDR_LEN;
import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.IPV4_ADDR_ANY;
import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.IPV4_CONFLICT_ANNOUNCE_NUM;
import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants.IPV4_CONFLICT_PROBE_NUM;
import static com.android.net.module.util.SocketUtils.closeSocketQuietly;
import static com.android.networkstack.util.NetworkStackUtils.DHCP_IP_CONFLICT_DETECT_VERSION;
import static com.android.networkstack.util.NetworkStackUtils.DHCP_RAPID_COMMIT_VERSION;
import static com.android.networkstack.util.NetworkStackUtils.DHCP_SLOW_RETRANSMISSION_VERSION;

import android.content.Context;
import android.net.DhcpResults;
import android.net.InetAddresses;
import android.net.Layer2PacketParcelable;
import android.net.MacAddress;
import android.net.NetworkStackIpMemoryStore;
import android.net.TrafficStats;
import android.net.ip.IIpClient;
import android.net.ip.IpClient;
import android.net.ipmemorystore.NetworkAttributes;
import android.net.ipmemorystore.OnNetworkAttributesRetrievedListener;
import android.net.ipmemorystore.OnStatusListener;
import android.net.metrics.DhcpClientEvent;
import android.net.metrics.DhcpErrorEvent;
import android.net.metrics.IpConnectivityLog;
import android.net.networkstack.aidl.dhcp.DhcpOption;
import android.net.util.HostnameTransliterator;
import android.net.util.SocketUtils;
import android.os.Handler;
import android.os.Message;
import android.os.PowerManager;
import android.os.SystemClock;
import android.provider.Settings;
import android.stats.connectivity.DhcpFeature;
import android.system.ErrnoException;
import android.system.Os;
import android.util.EventLog;
import android.util.Log;
import android.util.SparseArray;

import androidx.annotation.NonNull;
import androidx.annotation.Nullable;

import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
import com.android.internal.util.HexDump;
import com.android.internal.util.MessageUtils;
import com.android.internal.util.State;
import com.android.internal.util.StateMachine;
import com.android.internal.util.WakeupMessage;
import com.android.net.module.util.DeviceConfigUtils;
import com.android.net.module.util.InterfaceParams;
import com.android.net.module.util.NetworkStackConstants;
import com.android.net.module.util.PacketReader;
import com.android.net.module.util.arp.ArpPacket;
import com.android.networkstack.R;
import com.android.networkstack.apishim.CaptivePortalDataShimImpl;
import com.android.networkstack.apishim.SocketUtilsShimImpl;
import com.android.networkstack.metrics.IpProvisioningMetrics;
import com.android.networkstack.util.NetworkStackUtils;

import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
import java.io.FileDescriptor;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.Inet4Address;
import java.net.SocketAddress;
import java.net.SocketException;
import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Random;

/**
 * A DHCPv4 client.
 *
 * Written to behave similarly to the DhcpStateMachine + dhcpcd 5.5.6 combination used in Android
 * 5.1 and below, as configured on Nexus 6. The interface is the same as DhcpStateMachine.
 *
 * TODO:
 *
 * - Exponential backoff when receiving NAKs (not specified by the RFC, but current behaviour).
 * - Support persisting lease state and support INIT-REBOOT. Android 5.1 does this, but it does not
 *   do so correctly: instead of requesting the lease last obtained on a particular network (e.g., a
 *   given SSID), it requests the last-leased IP address on the same interface, causing a delay if
 *   the server NAKs or a timeout if it doesn't.
 *
 * Known differences from current behaviour:
 *
 * - Does not request the "static routes" option.
 * - Does not support BOOTP servers. DHCP has been around since 1993, should be everywhere now.
 * - Requests the "broadcast" option, but does nothing with it.
 * - Rejects invalid subnet masks such as 255.255.255.1 (current code treats that as 255.255.255.0).
 *
 * @hide
 */
public class DhcpClient extends StateMachine {

    private static final String TAG = "DhcpClient";
    private static final boolean DBG = true;
    private static final boolean VDBG = Log.isLoggable(TAG, Log.VERBOSE);
    private static final boolean STATE_DBG = Log.isLoggable(TAG, Log.DEBUG);
    private static final boolean MSG_DBG = Log.isLoggable(TAG, Log.DEBUG);
    private static final boolean PACKET_DBG = Log.isLoggable(TAG, Log.DEBUG);

    // Metrics events: must be kept in sync with server-side aggregation code.
    /** Represents transitions from DhcpInitState to DhcpBoundState */
    private static final String EVENT_INITIAL_BOUND = "InitialBoundState";
    /** Represents transitions from and to DhcpBoundState via DhcpRenewingState */
    private static final String EVENT_RENEWING_BOUND = "RenewingBoundState";

    // Timers and timeouts.
    private static final int SECONDS = 1000;
    private static final int FIRST_TIMEOUT_MS         =   1 * SECONDS;
    private static final int MAX_TIMEOUT_MS           = 512 * SECONDS;
    private static final int IPMEMORYSTORE_TIMEOUT_MS =   1 * SECONDS;
    private static final int DHCP_INITREBOOT_TIMEOUT_MS = 5 * SECONDS;

    // The waiting time to restart the DHCP configuration process after broadcasting a
    // DHCPDECLINE message, (RFC2131 3.1.5 describes client SHOULD wait a minimum of 10
    // seconds to avoid excessive traffic, but it's too long).
    @VisibleForTesting
    public static final String DHCP_RESTART_CONFIG_DELAY = "dhcp_restart_configuration_delay";
    private static final int DEFAULT_DHCP_RESTART_CONFIG_DELAY_MS = 1 * SECONDS;
    private static final int MAX_DHCP_CLIENT_RESTART_CONFIG_DELAY_MS = 10 * SECONDS;

    // Initial random delay before sending first ARP probe.
    @VisibleForTesting
    public static final String ARP_FIRST_PROBE_DELAY_MS = "arp_first_probe_delay";
    private static final int DEFAULT_ARP_FIRST_PROBE_DELAY_MS = 100;
    private static final int MAX_ARP_FIRST_PROBE_DELAY_MS = 1 * SECONDS;

    // Minimum delay until retransmitting the probe. The probe will be retransmitted after a
    // random number of milliseconds in the range ARP_PROBE_MIN_MS and ARP_PROBE_MAX_MS.
    @VisibleForTesting
    public static final String ARP_PROBE_MIN_MS = "arp_probe_min";
    private static final int DEFAULT_ARP_PROBE_MIN_MS = 100;
    private static final int MAX_ARP_PROBE_MIN_MS = 1 * SECONDS;

    // Maximum delay until retransmitting the probe.
    @VisibleForTesting
    public static final String ARP_PROBE_MAX_MS = "arp_probe_max";
    private static final int DEFAULT_ARP_PROBE_MAX_MS = 300;
    private static final int MAX_ARP_PROBE_MAX_MS = 2 * SECONDS;

    // Initial random delay before sending first ARP Announcement after completing Probe packet
    // transmission.
    @VisibleForTesting
    public static final String ARP_FIRST_ANNOUNCE_DELAY_MS = "arp_first_announce_delay";
    private static final int DEFAULT_ARP_FIRST_ANNOUNCE_DELAY_MS = 100;
    private static final int MAX_ARP_FIRST_ANNOUNCE_DELAY_MS = 2 * SECONDS;

    // Time between retransmitting ARP Announcement packets.
    @VisibleForTesting
    public static final String ARP_ANNOUNCE_INTERVAL_MS = "arp_announce_interval";
    private static final int DEFAULT_ARP_ANNOUNCE_INTERVAL_MS = 100;
    private static final int MAX_ARP_ANNOUNCE_INTERVAL_MS = 2 * SECONDS;

    // Max conflict count before configuring interface with declined IP address anyway.
    private static final int MAX_CONFLICTS_COUNT = 2;

    // This is not strictly needed, since the client is asynchronous and implements exponential
    // backoff. It's maintained for backwards compatibility with the previous DHCP code, which was
    // a blocking operation with a 30-second timeout. We pick 18 seconds so we can send packets at
    // t=0, t=1, t=3, t=7, t=16, allowing for 10% jitter.
    private static final int DHCP_TIMEOUT_MS    =  36 * SECONDS;

    // DhcpClient uses IpClient's handler.
    private static final int PUBLIC_BASE = IpClient.DHCPCLIENT_CMD_BASE;

    // Below constants are picked up by MessageUtils and exempt from ProGuard optimization.
    /* Commands from controller to start/stop DHCP */
    public static final int CMD_START_DHCP                  = PUBLIC_BASE + 1;
    public static final int CMD_STOP_DHCP                   = PUBLIC_BASE + 2;

    /* Notification from DHCP state machine prior to DHCP discovery/renewal */
    public static final int CMD_PRE_DHCP_ACTION             = PUBLIC_BASE + 3;
    /* Notification from DHCP state machine post DHCP discovery/renewal. Indicates
     * success/failure */
    public static final int CMD_POST_DHCP_ACTION            = PUBLIC_BASE + 4;
    /* Notification from DHCP state machine before quitting */
    public static final int CMD_ON_QUIT                     = PUBLIC_BASE + 5;

    /* Command from controller to indicate DHCP discovery/renewal can continue
     * after pre DHCP action is complete */
    public static final int CMD_PRE_DHCP_ACTION_COMPLETE    = PUBLIC_BASE + 6;

    /* Command and event notification to/from IpManager requesting the setting
     * (or clearing) of an IPv4 LinkAddress.
     */
    public static final int CMD_CLEAR_LINKADDRESS           = PUBLIC_BASE + 7;
    public static final int CMD_CONFIGURE_LINKADDRESS       = PUBLIC_BASE + 8;
    public static final int EVENT_LINKADDRESS_CONFIGURED    = PUBLIC_BASE + 9;

    // Command to IpClient starting/aborting preconnection process.
    public static final int CMD_START_PRECONNECTION         = PUBLIC_BASE + 10;
    public static final int CMD_ABORT_PRECONNECTION         = PUBLIC_BASE + 11;

    // Command to rebind the leased IPv4 address on L2 roaming happened.
    public static final int CMD_REFRESH_LINKADDRESS         = PUBLIC_BASE + 12;

    /* Message.arg1 arguments to CMD_POST_DHCP_ACTION notification */
    public static final int DHCP_SUCCESS = 1;
    public static final int DHCP_FAILURE = 2;
    public static final int DHCP_IPV6_ONLY = 3;
    public static final int DHCP_REFRESH_FAILURE = 4;

    // Internal messages.
    private static final int PRIVATE_BASE         = IpClient.DHCPCLIENT_CMD_BASE + 100;
    private static final int CMD_KICK             = PRIVATE_BASE + 1;
    private static final int CMD_RECEIVED_PACKET  = PRIVATE_BASE + 2;
    @VisibleForTesting
    public static final int CMD_TIMEOUT           = PRIVATE_BASE + 3;
    private static final int CMD_RENEW_DHCP       = PRIVATE_BASE + 4;
    private static final int CMD_REBIND_DHCP      = PRIVATE_BASE + 5;
    private static final int CMD_EXPIRE_DHCP      = PRIVATE_BASE + 6;
    private static final int EVENT_CONFIGURATION_TIMEOUT   = PRIVATE_BASE + 7;
    private static final int EVENT_CONFIGURATION_OBTAINED  = PRIVATE_BASE + 8;
    private static final int EVENT_CONFIGURATION_INVALID   = PRIVATE_BASE + 9;
    private static final int EVENT_IP_CONFLICT             = PRIVATE_BASE + 10;
    private static final int CMD_ARP_PROBE        = PRIVATE_BASE + 11;
    private static final int CMD_ARP_ANNOUNCEMENT = PRIVATE_BASE + 12;

    // constant to represent this DHCP lease has been expired.
    @VisibleForTesting
    public static final long EXPIRED_LEASE = 1L;

    // For message logging.
    private static final Class[] sMessageClasses = { DhcpClient.class };
    private static final SparseArray<String> sMessageNames =
            MessageUtils.findMessageNames(sMessageClasses);

    // DHCP parameters that we request by default.
    @VisibleForTesting
    /* package */ static final byte[] DEFAULT_REQUESTED_PARAMS = new byte[] {
        DHCP_SUBNET_MASK,
        DHCP_ROUTER,
        DHCP_DNS_SERVER,
        DHCP_DOMAIN_NAME,
        DHCP_MTU,
        DHCP_BROADCAST_ADDRESS,  // TODO: currently ignored.
        DHCP_LEASE_TIME,
        DHCP_RENEWAL_TIME,
        DHCP_REBINDING_TIME,
        DHCP_VENDOR_INFO,
    };

    @NonNull
    private byte[] getRequestedParams() {
        // Set an initial size large enough for all optional parameters that we might request.
        // mCreatorId + the size is changed
        final int numOptionalParams;
        if (mConfiguration.isWifiManagedProfile) {
            numOptionalParams = 3 + mConfiguration.options.size();
        } else {
            numOptionalParams = 2 + mConfiguration.options.size();
        }

        final ByteArrayOutputStream params =
                new ByteArrayOutputStream(DEFAULT_REQUESTED_PARAMS.length + numOptionalParams);
        params.write(DEFAULT_REQUESTED_PARAMS, 0, DEFAULT_REQUESTED_PARAMS.length);
        if (isCapportApiEnabled()) {
            params.write(DHCP_CAPTIVE_PORTAL);
        }
        params.write(DHCP_IPV6_ONLY_PREFERRED);
        // Customized DHCP options to be put in PRL.
        for (DhcpOption option : mConfiguration.options) {
            if (option.value == null) params.write(option.type);
        }
        // Check if the target network is managed by user.
        if (mConfiguration.isWifiManagedProfile) {
            params.write(DHCP_DOMAIN_SEARCHLIST);
        }
        return params.toByteArray();
    }

    private static boolean isCapportApiEnabled() {
        return CaptivePortalDataShimImpl.isSupported();
    }

    // DHCP flag that means "yes, we support unicast."
    private static final boolean DO_UNICAST   = false;

    // System services / libraries we use.
    private final Context mContext;
    private final Random mRandom;
    private final IpConnectivityLog mMetricsLog = new IpConnectivityLog();
    @NonNull
    private final IpProvisioningMetrics mMetrics;

    // We use a UDP socket to send, so the kernel handles ARP and routing for us (DHCP servers can
    // be off-link as well as on-link).
    private FileDescriptor mUdpSock;

    // State variables.
    private final StateMachine mController;
    private final WakeupMessage mKickAlarm;
    private final WakeupMessage mTimeoutAlarm;
    private final WakeupMessage mRenewAlarm;
    private final WakeupMessage mRebindAlarm;
    private final WakeupMessage mExpiryAlarm;
    private final String mIfaceName;

    private boolean mRegisteredForPreDhcpNotification;
    private InterfaceParams mIface;
    // TODO: MacAddress-ify more of this class hierarchy.
    private byte[] mHwAddr;
    private SocketAddress mInterfaceBroadcastAddr;
    private int mTransactionId;
    private long mTransactionStartMillis;
    private DhcpResults mDhcpLease;
    private long mDhcpLeaseExpiry;
    private long mT2;
    private DhcpResults mOffer;
    private Configuration mConfiguration;
    private Inet4Address mLastAssignedIpv4Address;
    private int mConflictCount;
    private long mLastAssignedIpv4AddressExpiry;
    private Dependencies mDependencies;
    @Nullable
    private DhcpPacketHandler mDhcpPacketHandler;
    @NonNull
    private final NetworkStackIpMemoryStore mIpMemoryStore;
    @Nullable
    private final String mHostname;

    // Milliseconds SystemClock timestamps used to record transition times to DhcpBoundState.
    private long mLastInitEnterTime;
    private long mLastBoundExitTime;

    // 32-bit unsigned integer used to indicate the number of milliseconds the DHCP client should
    // disable DHCPv4.
    private long mIpv6OnlyWaitTimeMs;

    // States.
    private State mStoppedState = new StoppedState();
    private State mDhcpState = new DhcpState();
    private State mDhcpInitState = new DhcpInitState();
    private State mDhcpPreconnectingState = new DhcpPreconnectingState();
    private State mDhcpSelectingState = new DhcpSelectingState();
    private State mDhcpRequestingState = new DhcpRequestingState();
    private State mDhcpHaveLeaseState = new DhcpHaveLeaseState();
    private State mConfiguringInterfaceState = new ConfiguringInterfaceState();
    private State mDhcpBoundState = new DhcpBoundState();
    private State mDhcpRenewingState = new DhcpRenewingState();
    private State mDhcpRebindingState = new DhcpRebindingState();
    private State mDhcpInitRebootState = new DhcpInitRebootState();
    private State mDhcpRebootingState = new DhcpRebootingState();
    private State mObtainingConfigurationState = new ObtainingConfigurationState();
    private State mWaitBeforeStartState = new WaitBeforeStartState(mDhcpInitState);
    private State mWaitBeforeRenewalState = new WaitBeforeRenewalState(mDhcpRenewingState);
    private State mWaitBeforeObtainingConfigurationState =
            new WaitBeforeObtainingConfigurationState(mObtainingConfigurationState);
    private State mIpAddressConflictDetectingState = new IpAddressConflictDetectingState();
    private State mDhcpDecliningState = new DhcpDecliningState();
    private State mIpv6OnlyWaitState = new Ipv6OnlyWaitState();
    private State mDhcpRefreshingAddressState = new DhcpRefreshingAddressState();

    private WakeupMessage makeWakeupMessage(String cmdName, int cmd) {
        cmdName = DhcpClient.class.getSimpleName() + "." + mIfaceName + "." + cmdName;
        return new WakeupMessage(mContext, getHandler(), cmdName, cmd);
    }

    /**
     * Encapsulates DhcpClient depencencies that's used for unit testing and
     * integration testing.
     */
    public static class Dependencies {
        private final NetworkStackIpMemoryStore mNetworkStackIpMemoryStore;
        private final IpProvisioningMetrics mMetrics;

        public Dependencies(NetworkStackIpMemoryStore store, IpProvisioningMetrics metrics) {
            mNetworkStackIpMemoryStore = store;
            mMetrics = metrics;
        }

        /**
         * Get the configuration from RRO to check whether or not to send hostname option in
         * DHCPDISCOVER/DHCPREQUEST message.
         */
        public boolean getSendHostnameOverlaySetting(final Context context) {
            return context.getResources().getBoolean(R.bool.config_dhcp_client_hostname);
        }

        /**
         * Get the device name from system settings.
         */
        public String getDeviceName(final Context context) {
            return Settings.Global.getString(context.getContentResolver(),
                    Settings.Global.DEVICE_NAME);
        }

        /**
         * Get a IpMemoryStore instance.
         */
        public NetworkStackIpMemoryStore getIpMemoryStore() {
            return mNetworkStackIpMemoryStore;
        }

        /**
         * Get a IpProvisioningMetrics instance.
         */
        public IpProvisioningMetrics getIpProvisioningMetrics() {
            return mMetrics;
        }

        /**
         * Return whether a feature guarded by a feature flag is enabled.
         * @see DeviceConfigUtils#isNetworkStackFeatureEnabled(Context, String)
         */
        public boolean isFeatureEnabled(final Context context, final String name) {
            return DeviceConfigUtils.isNetworkStackFeatureEnabled(context, name);
        }

        /**
         * Check whether one specific feature is not disabled.
         * @see DeviceConfigUtils#isNetworkStackFeatureNotChickenedOut(Context, String)
         */
        public boolean isFeatureNotChickenedOut(final Context context, final String name) {
            return DeviceConfigUtils.isNetworkStackFeatureNotChickenedOut(context, name);
        }

        /**
         * Get the Integer value of relevant DeviceConfig properties of Connectivity namespace.
         */
        public int getIntDeviceConfig(final String name, int minimumValue, int maximumValue,
                int defaultValue) {
            return DeviceConfigUtils.getDeviceConfigPropertyInt(NAMESPACE_CONNECTIVITY,
                    name, minimumValue, maximumValue, defaultValue);
        }

        /**
         * Get the Integer value of relevant DeviceConfig properties of Connectivity namespace.
         */
        public int getIntDeviceConfig(final String name, int defaultValue) {
            return DeviceConfigUtils.getDeviceConfigPropertyInt(NAMESPACE_CONNECTIVITY,
                    name, defaultValue);
        }

        /**
         * Get a new wake lock to force CPU keeping awake when transmitting packets or waiting
         * for timeout.
         */
        public PowerManager.WakeLock getWakeLock(final PowerManager powerManager) {
            return powerManager.newWakeLock(PowerManager.PARTIAL_WAKE_LOCK, TAG);
        }
    }

    // TODO: Take an InterfaceParams instance instead of an interface name String.
    private DhcpClient(Context context, StateMachine controller, String iface,
            Dependencies deps) {
        super(TAG, controller.getHandler());

        mDependencies = deps;
        mContext = context;
        mController = controller;
        mIfaceName = iface;
        mIpMemoryStore = deps.getIpMemoryStore();
        mMetrics = deps.getIpProvisioningMetrics();

        // CHECKSTYLE:OFF IndentationCheck
        addState(mStoppedState);
        addState(mDhcpState);
            addState(mDhcpInitState, mDhcpState);
            addState(mWaitBeforeStartState, mDhcpState);
            addState(mWaitBeforeObtainingConfigurationState, mDhcpState);
            addState(mDhcpPreconnectingState, mDhcpState);
            addState(mObtainingConfigurationState, mDhcpState);
            addState(mDhcpSelectingState, mDhcpState);
            addState(mDhcpRequestingState, mDhcpState);
            addState(mIpAddressConflictDetectingState, mDhcpState);
            addState(mIpv6OnlyWaitState, mDhcpState);
            addState(mDhcpHaveLeaseState, mDhcpState);
                addState(mConfiguringInterfaceState, mDhcpHaveLeaseState);
                addState(mDhcpBoundState, mDhcpHaveLeaseState);
                addState(mWaitBeforeRenewalState, mDhcpHaveLeaseState);
                addState(mDhcpRenewingState, mDhcpHaveLeaseState);
                addState(mDhcpRebindingState, mDhcpHaveLeaseState);
                addState(mDhcpDecliningState, mDhcpHaveLeaseState);
                addState(mDhcpRefreshingAddressState, mDhcpHaveLeaseState);
            addState(mDhcpInitRebootState, mDhcpState);
            addState(mDhcpRebootingState, mDhcpState);
        // CHECKSTYLE:ON IndentationCheck

        setInitialState(mStoppedState);

        mRandom = new Random();

        // Used to schedule packet retransmissions.
        mKickAlarm = makeWakeupMessage("KICK", CMD_KICK);
        // Used to time out PacketRetransmittingStates.
        mTimeoutAlarm = makeWakeupMessage("TIMEOUT", CMD_TIMEOUT);
        // Used to schedule DHCP reacquisition.
        mRenewAlarm = makeWakeupMessage("RENEW", CMD_RENEW_DHCP);
        mRebindAlarm = makeWakeupMessage("REBIND", CMD_REBIND_DHCP);
        mExpiryAlarm = makeWakeupMessage("EXPIRY", CMD_EXPIRE_DHCP);

        mHostname = new HostnameTransliterator().transliterate(deps.getDeviceName(mContext));
        mMetrics.setHostnameTransinfo(deps.getSendHostnameOverlaySetting(context),
                mHostname != null);
    }

    @Nullable
    private String maybeGetHostnameForSending() {
        boolean sendHostname = mDependencies.getSendHostnameOverlaySetting(mContext);
        if (mConfiguration != null
                && mConfiguration.hostnameSetting != IIpClient.HOSTNAME_SETTING_UNSET) {
            sendHostname = mConfiguration.hostnameSetting == IIpClient.HOSTNAME_SETTING_SEND;
        }
        return sendHostname ? mHostname : null;
    }

    public void registerForPreDhcpNotification() {
        mRegisteredForPreDhcpNotification = true;
    }

    public static DhcpClient makeDhcpClient(
            Context context, StateMachine controller, InterfaceParams ifParams,
            Dependencies deps) {
        DhcpClient client = new DhcpClient(context, controller, ifParams.name, deps);
        client.mIface = ifParams;
        client.start();
        return client;
    }

    /**
     * check whether or not to support DHCP Rapid Commit option.
     */
    public boolean isDhcpRapidCommitEnabled() {
        return mDependencies.isFeatureNotChickenedOut(mContext, DHCP_RAPID_COMMIT_VERSION);
    }

    /**
     * check whether or not to support IP address conflict detection and DHCPDECLINE.
     */
    public boolean isDhcpIpConflictDetectEnabled() {
        return mDependencies.isFeatureEnabled(mContext, DHCP_IP_CONFLICT_DETECT_VERSION);
    }

    /**
     * Check whether to adopt slow DHCPREQUEST retransmission approach in Renewing/Rebinding state
     * suggested in RFC2131 section 4.4.5.
     */
    public boolean isSlowRetransmissionEnabled() {
        return mDependencies.isFeatureEnabled(mContext, DHCP_SLOW_RETRANSMISSION_VERSION);
    }

    private void recordMetricEnabledFeatures() {
        mMetrics.setDhcpEnabledFeature(DhcpFeature.DF_INITREBOOT);
        if (isDhcpRapidCommitEnabled()) mMetrics.setDhcpEnabledFeature(DhcpFeature.DF_RAPIDCOMMIT);
        if (isDhcpIpConflictDetectEnabled()) mMetrics.setDhcpEnabledFeature(DhcpFeature.DF_DAD);
        if (mConfiguration.isPreconnectionEnabled) {
            mMetrics.setDhcpEnabledFeature(DhcpFeature.DF_FILS);
        }
    }

    private void confirmDhcpLease(DhcpPacket packet, DhcpResults results) {
        setDhcpLeaseExpiry(packet);
        acceptDhcpResults(results, "Confirmed");
    }

    private boolean initInterface() {
        if (mIface == null) mIface = InterfaceParams.getByName(mIfaceName);
        if (mIface == null) {
            Log.e(TAG, "Can't determine InterfaceParams for " + mIfaceName);
            return false;
        }

        mHwAddr = mIface.macAddr.toByteArray();
        mInterfaceBroadcastAddr = SocketUtilsShimImpl.newInstance().makePacketSocketAddress(
                ETH_P_IP, mIface.index, DhcpPacket.ETHER_BROADCAST);
        return true;
    }

    private void startNewTransaction() {
        mTransactionId = mRandom.nextInt();
        mTransactionStartMillis = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime();
    }

    private boolean initUdpSocket() {
        final int oldTag = TrafficStats.getAndSetThreadStatsTag(
                NetworkStackConstants.TAG_SYSTEM_DHCP);
        try {
            mUdpSock = Os.socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_UDP);
            SocketUtils.bindSocketToInterface(mUdpSock, mIfaceName);
            Os.setsockoptInt(mUdpSock, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, 1);
            Os.setsockoptInt(mUdpSock, SOL_SOCKET, SO_BROADCAST, 1);
            Os.setsockoptInt(mUdpSock, SOL_SOCKET, SO_RCVBUF, 0);
            Os.bind(mUdpSock, IPV4_ADDR_ANY, DhcpPacket.DHCP_CLIENT);
        } catch (SocketException | ErrnoException e) {
            Log.e(TAG, "Error creating UDP socket", e);
            return false;
        } finally {
            TrafficStats.setThreadStatsTag(oldTag);
        }
        return true;
    }

    private boolean connectUdpSock(Inet4Address to) {
        try {
            Os.connect(mUdpSock, to, DhcpPacket.DHCP_SERVER);
            return true;
        } catch (SocketException | ErrnoException e) {
            Log.e(TAG, "Error connecting UDP socket", e);
            return false;
        }
    }

    private byte[] getOptionsToSkip() {
        final ByteArrayOutputStream optionsToSkip = new ByteArrayOutputStream(2);
        if (!isCapportApiEnabled()) optionsToSkip.write(DHCP_CAPTIVE_PORTAL);
        if (!mConfiguration.isWifiManagedProfile) {
            optionsToSkip.write(DHCP_DOMAIN_SEARCHLIST);
        }
        return optionsToSkip.toByteArray();
    }

    private class DhcpPacketHandler extends PacketReader {
        private FileDescriptor mPacketSock;

        DhcpPacketHandler(Handler handler) {
            super(handler);
        }

        @Override
        protected void handlePacket(byte[] recvbuf, int length) {
            try {
                final DhcpPacket packet = DhcpPacket.decodeFullPacket(recvbuf, length,
                        DhcpPacket.ENCAP_L2, getOptionsToSkip());
                if (DBG) Log.d(TAG, "Received packet: " + packet);
                sendMessage(CMD_RECEIVED_PACKET, packet);
            } catch (DhcpPacket.ParseException e) {
                Log.e(TAG, "Can't parse packet: " + e.getMessage());
                if (PACKET_DBG) {
                    Log.d(TAG, HexDump.dumpHexString(recvbuf, 0, length));
                }
                if (e.errorCode == DhcpErrorEvent.DHCP_NO_COOKIE) {
                    final int snetTagId = 0x534e4554;
                    final String bugId = "31850211";
                    final int uid = -1;
                    final String data = DhcpPacket.ParseException.class.getName();
                    EventLog.writeEvent(snetTagId, bugId, uid, data);
                }
                mMetricsLog.log(mIfaceName, new DhcpErrorEvent(e.errorCode));
                mMetrics.addDhcpErrorCode(e.errorCode);
            }
        }

        @Override
        protected FileDescriptor createFd() {
            try {
                mPacketSock = Os.socket(AF_PACKET, SOCK_RAW | SOCK_NONBLOCK, 0 /* protocol */);
                NetworkStackUtils.attachDhcpFilter(mPacketSock);
                final SocketAddress addr = makePacketSocketAddress(ETH_P_IP, mIface.index);
                Os.bind(mPacketSock, addr);
            } catch (SocketException | ErrnoException e) {
                logError("Error creating packet socket", e);
                if (e instanceof ErrnoException
                        && ((ErrnoException) e).errno == 524 /* ENOTSUPP */) {
                    Log.wtf(TAG, "Errno: ENOTSUPP");
                }
                closeFd(mPacketSock);
                mPacketSock = null;
                return null;
            }
            return mPacketSock;
        }

        @Override
        protected int readPacket(FileDescriptor fd, byte[] packetBuffer) throws Exception {
            try {
                return Os.read(fd, packetBuffer, 0, packetBuffer.length);
            } catch (IOException | ErrnoException e) {
                mMetricsLog.log(mIfaceName, new DhcpErrorEvent(DhcpErrorEvent.RECEIVE_ERROR));
                throw e;
            }
        }

        @Override
        protected void logError(@NonNull String msg, @Nullable Exception e) {
            Log.e(TAG, msg, e);
        }

        public int transmitPacket(final ByteBuffer buf, final SocketAddress socketAddress)
                throws ErrnoException, SocketException {
            return Os.sendto(mPacketSock, buf.array(), 0 /* byteOffset */,
                    buf.limit() /* byteCount */, 0 /* flags */, socketAddress);
        }
    }

    private short getSecs() {
        return (short) ((SystemClock.elapsedRealtime() - mTransactionStartMillis) / 1000);
    }

    private boolean transmitPacket(ByteBuffer buf, String description, int encap, Inet4Address to) {
        try {
            if (encap == DhcpPacket.ENCAP_L2) {
                if (DBG) Log.d(TAG, "Broadcasting " + description);
                mDhcpPacketHandler.transmitPacket(buf, mInterfaceBroadcastAddr);
            } else if (encap == DhcpPacket.ENCAP_BOOTP && to.equals(INADDR_BROADCAST)) {
                if (DBG) Log.d(TAG, "Broadcasting " + description);
                // We only send L3-encapped broadcasts in DhcpRebindingState,
                // where we have an IP address and an unconnected UDP socket.
                //
                // N.B.: We only need this codepath because DhcpRequestPacket
                // hardcodes the source IP address to 0.0.0.0. We could reuse
                // the packet socket if this ever changes.
                Os.sendto(mUdpSock, buf, 0, to, DhcpPacket.DHCP_SERVER);
            } else {
                // It's safe to call getpeername here, because we only send unicast packets if we
                // have an IP address, and we connect the UDP socket in DhcpBoundState#enter.
                if (DBG) Log.d(TAG, String.format("Unicasting %s to %s",
                        description, Os.getpeername(mUdpSock)));
                Os.write(mUdpSock, buf);
            }
        } catch (ErrnoException | IOException e) {
            Log.e(TAG, "Can't send packet: ", e);
            return false;
        }
        return true;
    }

    private boolean sendDiscoverPacket() {
        // When Rapid Commit option is enabled, limit only the first 3 DHCPDISCOVER packets
        // taking Rapid Commit option, in order to prevent the potential interoperability issue
        // and be able to rollback later. See {@link DHCP_TIMEOUT_MS} for the (re)transmission
        // schedule with 10% jitter.
        final boolean requestRapidCommit = isDhcpRapidCommitEnabled() && (getSecs() <= 4);
        final ByteBuffer packet = DhcpPacket.buildDiscoverPacket(
                DhcpPacket.ENCAP_L2, mTransactionId, getSecs(), mHwAddr,
                DO_UNICAST, getRequestedParams(), requestRapidCommit, maybeGetHostnameForSending(),
                mConfiguration.options);
        mMetrics.incrementCountForDiscover();
        return transmitPacket(packet, "DHCPDISCOVER", DhcpPacket.ENCAP_L2, INADDR_BROADCAST);
    }

    private boolean sendRequestPacket(
            final Inet4Address clientAddress, final Inet4Address requestedAddress,
            final Inet4Address serverAddress, final Inet4Address to) {
        // TODO: should we use the transaction ID from the server?
        final int encap = INADDR_ANY.equals(clientAddress)
                ? DhcpPacket.ENCAP_L2 : DhcpPacket.ENCAP_BOOTP;

        final ByteBuffer packet = DhcpPacket.buildRequestPacket(
                encap, mTransactionId, getSecs(), clientAddress, DO_UNICAST, mHwAddr,
                requestedAddress, serverAddress, getRequestedParams(), maybeGetHostnameForSending(),
                mConfiguration.options);
        String serverStr = (serverAddress != null) ? serverAddress.getHostAddress() : null;
        String description = "DHCPREQUEST ciaddr=" + clientAddress.getHostAddress() +
                             " request=" + requestedAddress.getHostAddress() +
                             " serverid=" + serverStr;
        mMetrics.incrementCountForRequest();
        return transmitPacket(packet, description, encap, to);
    }

    private boolean sendDeclinePacket(final Inet4Address requestedAddress,
            final Inet4Address serverIdentifier) {
        // Requested IP address and Server Identifier options are mandatory for DHCPDECLINE.
        final ByteBuffer packet = DhcpPacket.buildDeclinePacket(DhcpPacket.ENCAP_L2,
                mTransactionId, mHwAddr, requestedAddress, serverIdentifier);
        return transmitPacket(packet, "DHCPDECLINE", DhcpPacket.ENCAP_L2, INADDR_BROADCAST);
    }

    private void scheduleLeaseTimers() {
        if (mDhcpLeaseExpiry == 0) {
            Log.d(TAG, "Infinite lease, no timer scheduling needed");
            return;
        }

        final long now = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime();

        // TODO: consider getting the renew and rebind timers from T1 and T2.
        // See also:
        //     https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2131#section-4.4.5
        //     https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1533#section-9.9
        //     https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1533#section-9.10
        final long remainingDelay = mDhcpLeaseExpiry - now;
        final long renewDelay = remainingDelay / 2;
        final long rebindDelay = remainingDelay * 7 / 8;
        mT2 = now + rebindDelay;
        mRenewAlarm.schedule(now + renewDelay);
        mRebindAlarm.schedule(now + rebindDelay);
        mExpiryAlarm.schedule(now + remainingDelay);
        Log.d(TAG, "Scheduling renewal in " + (renewDelay / 1000) + "s");
        Log.d(TAG, "Scheduling rebind in " + (rebindDelay / 1000) + "s");
        Log.d(TAG, "Scheduling expiry in " + (remainingDelay / 1000) + "s");
    }

    private void setLeaseExpiredToIpMemoryStore() {
        final String l2Key = mConfiguration.l2Key;
        if (l2Key == null) return;
        final NetworkAttributes.Builder na = new NetworkAttributes.Builder();
        // TODO: clear out the address and lease instead of storing an expired lease
        na.setAssignedV4AddressExpiry(EXPIRED_LEASE);

        final OnStatusListener listener = status -> {
            if (!status.isSuccess()) Log.e(TAG, "Failed to set lease expiry, status: " + status);
        };
        mIpMemoryStore.storeNetworkAttributes(l2Key, na.build(), listener);
    }

    private void maybeSaveLeaseToIpMemoryStore() {
        final String l2Key = mConfiguration.l2Key;
        if (l2Key == null || mDhcpLease == null || mDhcpLease.ipAddress == null) return;
        final NetworkAttributes.Builder na = new NetworkAttributes.Builder();
        na.setAssignedV4Address((Inet4Address) mDhcpLease.ipAddress.getAddress());
        na.setAssignedV4AddressExpiry((mDhcpLease.leaseDuration == INFINITE_LEASE)
                ? Long.MAX_VALUE
                : mDhcpLease.leaseDuration * 1000 + System.currentTimeMillis());
        na.setDnsAddresses(mDhcpLease.dnsServers);
        na.setMtu(mDhcpLease.mtu);

        final OnStatusListener listener = status -> {
            if (!status.isSuccess()) Log.e(TAG, "Failed to store network attrs, status: " + status);
        };
        mIpMemoryStore.storeNetworkAttributes(l2Key, na.build(), listener);
    }

    private void notifySuccess() {
        maybeSaveLeaseToIpMemoryStore();
        mController.sendMessage(
                CMD_POST_DHCP_ACTION, DHCP_SUCCESS, 0, new DhcpResults(mDhcpLease));
    }

    private void notifyFailure(int arg) {
        setLeaseExpiredToIpMemoryStore();
        mController.sendMessage(CMD_POST_DHCP_ACTION, arg, 0, null);
    }

    private void acceptDhcpResults(DhcpResults results, String msg) {
        mDhcpLease = results;
        if (mDhcpLease.dnsServers.isEmpty()) {
            // supplement customized dns servers
            final String[] dnsServersList =
                    mContext.getResources().getStringArray(R.array.config_default_dns_servers);
            for (final String dnsServer : dnsServersList) {
                try {
                    mDhcpLease.dnsServers.add(InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress(dnsServer));
                } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
                    Log.e(TAG, "Invalid default DNS server: " + dnsServer, e);
                }
            }
        }
        mOffer = null;
        Log.d(TAG, msg + " lease: " + mDhcpLease);
    }

    private void clearDhcpState() {
        mDhcpLease = null;
        mDhcpLeaseExpiry = 0;
        mT2 = 0;
        mOffer = null;
    }

    /**
     * Quit the DhcpStateMachine.
     *
     * @hide
     */
    public void doQuit() {
        Log.d(TAG, "doQuit");
        quit();
    }

    @Override
    protected void onQuitting() {
        Log.d(TAG, "onQuitting");
        mController.sendMessage(CMD_ON_QUIT);
    }

    abstract class LoggingState extends State {
        private long mEnterTimeMs;

        @Override
        public void enter() {
            if (STATE_DBG) Log.d(TAG, "Entering state " + getName());
            mEnterTimeMs = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime();
        }

        @Override
        public void exit() {
            long durationMs = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime() - mEnterTimeMs;
            logState(getName(), (int) durationMs);
        }

        private String messageName(int what) {
            return sMessageNames.get(what, Integer.toString(what));
        }

        private String messageToString(Message message) {
            long now = SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
            return new StringBuilder(" ")
                    .append(message.getWhen() - now)
                    .append(messageName(message.what))
                    .append(" ").append(message.arg1)
                    .append(" ").append(message.arg2)
                    .append(" ").append(message.obj)
                    .toString();
        }

        @Override
        public boolean processMessage(Message message) {
            if (MSG_DBG) {
                Log.d(TAG, getName() + messageToString(message));
            }
            return NOT_HANDLED;
        }

        @Override
        public String getName() {
            // All DhcpClient's states are inner classes with a well defined name.
            // Use getSimpleName() and avoid super's getName() creating new String instances.
            return getClass().getSimpleName();
        }
    }

    // Sends CMD_PRE_DHCP_ACTION to the controller, waits for the controller to respond with
    // CMD_PRE_DHCP_ACTION_COMPLETE, and then transitions to mOtherState.
    abstract class WaitBeforeOtherState extends LoggingState {
        private final State mOtherState;

        WaitBeforeOtherState(State otherState) {
            mOtherState = otherState;
        }

        @Override
        public void enter() {
            super.enter();
            mController.sendMessage(CMD_PRE_DHCP_ACTION);
        }

        @Override
        public boolean processMessage(Message message) {
            super.processMessage(message);
            switch (message.what) {
                case CMD_PRE_DHCP_ACTION_COMPLETE:
                    transitionTo(mOtherState);
                    return HANDLED;
                default:
                    return NOT_HANDLED;
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Helper method to transition to the appropriate state according to whether the pre dhcp
     * action (e.g. turn off power optimization while doing DHCP) is required to execute.
     * waitStateForPreDhcpAction is used to wait the pre dhcp action completed before moving to
     * other state. If the pre dhcp action is unnecessary, transition to the target state directly.
     */
    private void preDhcpTransitionTo(final State waitStateForPreDhcpAction,
            final State targetState) {
        transitionTo(mRegisteredForPreDhcpNotification ? waitStateForPreDhcpAction : targetState);
    }

    /**
     * This class is used to convey initial configuration to DhcpClient when starting DHCP.
     */
    public static class Configuration {
        // This is part of the initial configuration because it is passed in on startup and
        // never updated.
        // TODO: decide what to do about L2 key changes while the client is connected.
        @Nullable
        public final String l2Key;
        public final boolean isPreconnectionEnabled;
        @NonNull
        public final List<DhcpOption> options;
        public final boolean isWifiManagedProfile;
        public final int hostnameSetting;
        public final boolean populateLinkAddressLifetime;

        public Configuration(@Nullable final String l2Key, final boolean isPreconnectionEnabled,
                @NonNull final List<DhcpOption> options,
                final boolean isWifiManagedProfile,
                final int hostnameSetting,
                final boolean populateLinkAddressLifetime) {
            this.l2Key = l2Key;
            this.isPreconnectionEnabled = isPreconnectionEnabled;
            this.options = options;
            this.isWifiManagedProfile = isWifiManagedProfile;
            this.hostnameSetting = hostnameSetting;
            this.populateLinkAddressLifetime = populateLinkAddressLifetime;
        }
    }

    class StoppedState extends State {
        @Override
        public boolean processMessage(Message message) {
            switch (message.what) {
                case CMD_START_DHCP:
                    mConfiguration = (Configuration) message.obj;
                    if (mConfiguration.isPreconnectionEnabled) {
                        transitionTo(mDhcpPreconnectingState);
                    } else {
                        startInitReboot();
                    }
                    recordMetricEnabledFeatures();
                    return HANDLED;
                default:
                    return NOT_HANDLED;
            }
        }
    }

    class WaitBeforeStartState extends WaitBeforeOtherState {
        WaitBeforeStartState(State otherState) {
            super(otherState);
        }
    }

    class WaitBeforeRenewalState extends WaitBeforeOtherState {
        WaitBeforeRenewalState(State otherState) {
            super(otherState);
        }
    }

    class WaitBeforeObtainingConfigurationState extends WaitBeforeOtherState {
        WaitBeforeObtainingConfigurationState(State otherState) {
            super(otherState);
        }
    }

    class DhcpState extends State {
        @Override
        public void enter() {
            clearDhcpState();
            mConflictCount = 0;
            if (initInterface() && initUdpSocket()) {
                mDhcpPacketHandler = new DhcpPacketHandler(getHandler());
                if (mDhcpPacketHandler.start()) return;
                Log.e(TAG, "Fail to start DHCP Packet Handler");
            }
            notifyFailure(DHCP_FAILURE);
            // We cannot call transitionTo because a transition is still in progress.
            // Instead, ensure that we process CMD_STOP_DHCP as soon as the transition is complete.
            deferMessage(obtainMessage(CMD_STOP_DHCP));
        }

        @Override
        public void exit() {
            if (mDhcpPacketHandler != null) {
                mDhcpPacketHandler.stop();
                if (DBG) Log.d(TAG, "DHCP Packet Handler stopped");
            }
            closeSocketQuietly(mUdpSock);
            clearDhcpState();
        }

        @Override
        public boolean processMessage(Message message) {
            super.processMessage(message);
            switch (message.what) {
                case CMD_STOP_DHCP:
                    transitionTo(mStoppedState);
                    return HANDLED;
                default:
                    return NOT_HANDLED;
            }
        }
    }

    public boolean isValidPacket(DhcpPacket packet) {
        // TODO: check checksum.
        int xid = packet.getTransactionId();
        if (xid != mTransactionId) {
            Log.d(TAG, "Unexpected transaction ID " + xid + ", expected " + mTransactionId);
            return false;
        }
        if (!Arrays.equals(packet.getClientMac(), mHwAddr)) {
            Log.d(TAG, "MAC addr mismatch: got " +
                    HexDump.toHexString(packet.getClientMac()) + ", expected " +
                    HexDump.toHexString(packet.getClientMac()));
            return false;
        }
        return true;
    }

    public void setDhcpLeaseExpiry(DhcpPacket packet) {
        final int defaultMinimumLease =
                mDependencies.getIntDeviceConfig(CONFIG_MINIMUM_LEASE, DEFAULT_MINIMUM_LEASE);
        long leaseTimeMillis = packet.getLeaseTimeMillis(defaultMinimumLease);
        mDhcpLeaseExpiry =
                (leaseTimeMillis > 0) ? SystemClock.elapsedRealtime() + leaseTimeMillis : 0;
    }

    abstract class TimeoutState extends LoggingState {
        protected long mTimeout = 0;

        @Override
        public void enter() {
            super.enter();
            maybeInitTimeout();
        }

        @Override
        public boolean processMessage(Message message) {
            super.processMessage(message);
            switch (message.what) {
                case CMD_TIMEOUT:
                    timeout();
                    return HANDLED;
                default:
                    return NOT_HANDLED;
            }
        }

        @Override
        public void exit() {
            super.exit();
            mTimeoutAlarm.cancel();
        }

        protected abstract void timeout();
        private void maybeInitTimeout() {
            if (mTimeout > 0) {
                long alarmTime = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime() + mTimeout;
                mTimeoutAlarm.schedule(alarmTime);
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Retransmits packets using jittered exponential backoff with an optional timeout. Packet
     * transmission is triggered by CMD_KICK, which is sent by an AlarmManager alarm. If a subclass
     * sets mTimeout to a positive value, then timeout() is called by an AlarmManager alarm mTimeout
     * milliseconds after entering the state. Kicks and timeouts are cancelled when leaving the
     * state.
     *
     * Concrete subclasses must implement sendPacket, which is called when the alarm fires and a
     * packet needs to be transmitted, and receivePacket, which is triggered by CMD_RECEIVED_PACKET
     * sent by the receive thread. They may also set mTimeout and implement timeout.
     */
    abstract class PacketRetransmittingState extends TimeoutState {
        private int mTimer;

        @Override
        public void enter() {
            super.enter();
            initTimer();
            sendMessage(CMD_KICK);
        }

        @Override
        public boolean processMessage(Message message) {
            if (super.processMessage(message) == HANDLED) {
                return HANDLED;
            }

            switch (message.what) {
                case CMD_KICK:
                    sendPacket();
                    scheduleKick();
                    return HANDLED;
                case CMD_RECEIVED_PACKET:
                    receivePacket((DhcpPacket) message.obj);
                    return HANDLED;
                default:
                    return NOT_HANDLED;
            }
        }

        @Override
        public void exit() {
            super.exit();
            mKickAlarm.cancel();
        }

        protected abstract boolean sendPacket();
        protected abstract void receivePacket(DhcpPacket packet);
        protected void timeout() {}

        protected void initTimer() {
            mTimer = FIRST_TIMEOUT_MS;
        }

        protected int jitterTimer(int baseTimer) {
            int maxJitter = baseTimer / 10;
            int jitter = mRandom.nextInt(2 * maxJitter) - maxJitter;
            return baseTimer + jitter;
        }

        protected void scheduleFastKick() {
            long now = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime();
            long timeout = jitterTimer(mTimer);
            long alarmTime = now + timeout;
            mKickAlarm.schedule(alarmTime);
            mTimer *= 2;
            if (mTimer > MAX_TIMEOUT_MS) {
                mTimer = MAX_TIMEOUT_MS;
            }
        }

        protected void scheduleKick() {
            // Always adopt the fast kick schedule by default unless this method is overrided
            // by subclasses.
            scheduleFastKick();
        }
    }

    class ObtainingConfigurationState extends LoggingState {
        @Override
        public void enter() {
            super.enter();

            // Set a timeout for retrieving network attributes operation
            sendMessageDelayed(EVENT_CONFIGURATION_TIMEOUT, IPMEMORYSTORE_TIMEOUT_MS);

            final OnNetworkAttributesRetrievedListener listener = (status, l2Key, attributes) -> {
                if (null == attributes || null == attributes.assignedV4Address) {
                    if (!status.isSuccess()) {
                        Log.e(TAG, "Error retrieving network attributes: " + status);
                    }
                    sendMessage(EVENT_CONFIGURATION_INVALID);
                    return;
                }
                sendMessage(EVENT_CONFIGURATION_OBTAINED, attributes);
            };
            mIpMemoryStore.retrieveNetworkAttributes(mConfiguration.l2Key, listener);
        }

        @Override
        public boolean processMessage(Message message) {
            super.processMessage(message);
            switch (message.what) {
                case EVENT_CONFIGURATION_INVALID:
                case EVENT_CONFIGURATION_TIMEOUT:
                    transitionTo(mDhcpInitState);
                    return HANDLED;

                case EVENT_CONFIGURATION_OBTAINED:
                    final long currentTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
                    NetworkAttributes attributes = (NetworkAttributes) message.obj;
                    if (DBG) {
                        Log.d(TAG, "l2key: "         + mConfiguration.l2Key
                                + " lease address: " + attributes.assignedV4Address
                                + " lease expiry: "  + attributes.assignedV4AddressExpiry
                                + " current time: "  + currentTime);
                    }
                    if (currentTime >= attributes.assignedV4AddressExpiry) {
                        // Lease has expired.
                        transitionTo(mDhcpInitState);
                        return HANDLED;
                    }
                    mLastAssignedIpv4Address = attributes.assignedV4Address;
                    mLastAssignedIpv4AddressExpiry = attributes.assignedV4AddressExpiry;
                    transitionTo(mDhcpInitRebootState);
                    return HANDLED;

                default:
                    deferMessage(message);
                    return HANDLED;
            }
        }

        @Override
        public void exit() {
            super.exit();
            removeMessages(EVENT_CONFIGURATION_INVALID);
            removeMessages(EVENT_CONFIGURATION_TIMEOUT);
            removeMessages(EVENT_CONFIGURATION_OBTAINED);
        }
    }

    private boolean maybeTransitionToIpv6OnlyWaitState(@NonNull final DhcpPacket packet) {
        if (packet.getIpv6OnlyWaitTimeMillis() == DhcpPacket.V6ONLY_PREFERRED_ABSENCE) return false;

        mIpv6OnlyWaitTimeMs = packet.getIpv6OnlyWaitTimeMillis();
        transitionTo(mIpv6OnlyWaitState);
        return true;
    }

    private void receiveOfferOrAckPacket(final DhcpPacket packet, final boolean acceptRapidCommit) {
        if (!isValidPacket(packet)) return;

        // 1. received the DHCPOFFER packet, process it by following RFC2131.
        // 2. received the DHCPACK packet from DHCP Servers that support Rapid
        //    Commit option, process it by following RFC4039.
        if (packet instanceof DhcpOfferPacket) {
            if (maybeTransitionToIpv6OnlyWaitState(packet)) {
                return;
            }
            mOffer = packet.toDhcpResults();
            if (mOffer != null) {
                Log.d(TAG, "Got pending lease: " + mOffer);
                transitionTo(mDhcpRequestingState);
            }
        } else if (packet instanceof DhcpAckPacket) {
            // If rapid commit is not enabled in DhcpInitState, or enablePreconnection is
            // not enabled in DhcpPreconnectingState, ignore DHCPACK packet. Only DHCPACK
            // with the rapid commit option are valid.
            if (!acceptRapidCommit || !packet.mRapidCommit) return;

            final DhcpResults results = packet.toDhcpResults();
            if (results != null) {
                confirmDhcpLease(packet, results);
                transitionTo(isDhcpIpConflictDetectEnabled()
                        ? mIpAddressConflictDetectingState : mConfiguringInterfaceState);
            }
        }
    }

    class DhcpInitState extends PacketRetransmittingState {
        public DhcpInitState() {
            super();
        }

        @Override
        public void enter() {
            super.enter();
            startNewTransaction();
            mLastInitEnterTime = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime();
        }

        protected boolean sendPacket() {
            return sendDiscoverPacket();
        }

        protected void receivePacket(DhcpPacket packet) {
            receiveOfferOrAckPacket(packet, isDhcpRapidCommitEnabled());
        }
    }

    private void startInitReboot() {
        preDhcpTransitionTo(mWaitBeforeObtainingConfigurationState, mObtainingConfigurationState);
    }

    class DhcpPreconnectingState extends TimeoutState {
        // This state is used to support Fast Initial Link Setup (FILS) IP Address Setup
        // procedure defined in the IEEE802.11ai (2016) currently. However, this state could
        // be extended to support other intended useage as well in the future, e.g. pre-actions
        // should be completed in advance before the normal DHCP solicit process starts.
        DhcpPreconnectingState() {
            mTimeout = FIRST_TIMEOUT_MS;
        }

        @Override
        public void enter() {
            super.enter();
            startNewTransaction();
            mLastInitEnterTime = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime();
            sendPreconnectionPacket();
        }

        @Override
        public boolean processMessage(Message message) {
            if (super.processMessage(message) == HANDLED) {
                return HANDLED;
            }

            switch (message.what) {
                case CMD_RECEIVED_PACKET:
                    receiveOfferOrAckPacket((DhcpPacket) message.obj,
                            mConfiguration.isPreconnectionEnabled);
                    return HANDLED;
                case CMD_ABORT_PRECONNECTION:
                    startInitReboot();
                    return HANDLED;
                default:
                    return NOT_HANDLED;
            }
        }

        // This timeout is necessary and cannot just be replaced with a notification that
        // preconnection is complete. This is because:
        // - The preconnection complete notification could arrive before the ACK with rapid
        //   commit arrives. In this case we would go back to init state, pick a new transaction
        //   ID, and when the ACK with rapid commit arrives, we would ignore it because the
        //   transaction ID doesn't match.
        // - We cannot just wait in this state until the ACK with rapid commit arrives, because
        //   if that ACK never arrives (e.g., dropped by the network), we'll never go back to init
        //   and send a DISCOVER.
        @Override
        public void timeout() {
            startInitReboot();
        }

        private void sendPreconnectionPacket() {
            final Layer2PacketParcelable l2Packet = new Layer2PacketParcelable();
            final ByteBuffer packet = DhcpPacket.buildDiscoverPacket(
                    DhcpPacket.ENCAP_L2, mTransactionId, getSecs(), mHwAddr,
                    DO_UNICAST, getRequestedParams(), true /* rapid commit */,
                    maybeGetHostnameForSending(),
                    mConfiguration.options);

            l2Packet.dstMacAddress = MacAddress.fromBytes(DhcpPacket.ETHER_BROADCAST);
            l2Packet.payload = Arrays.copyOf(packet.array(), packet.limit());
            mController.sendMessage(CMD_START_PRECONNECTION, l2Packet);
        }
    }

    // Not implemented. We request the first offer we receive.
    class DhcpSelectingState extends LoggingState {
    }

    class DhcpRequestingState extends PacketRetransmittingState {
        public DhcpRequestingState() {
            mTimeout = DHCP_TIMEOUT_MS / 2;
        }

        protected boolean sendPacket() {
            return sendRequestPacket(
                    INADDR_ANY,                                    // ciaddr
                    (Inet4Address) mOffer.ipAddress.getAddress(),  // DHCP_REQUESTED_IP
                    (Inet4Address) mOffer.serverAddress,           // DHCP_SERVER_IDENTIFIER
                    INADDR_BROADCAST);                             // packet destination address
        }

        protected void receivePacket(DhcpPacket packet) {
            if (!isValidPacket(packet)) return;
            if ((packet instanceof DhcpAckPacket)) {
                if (maybeTransitionToIpv6OnlyWaitState(packet)) {
                    return;
                }
                final DhcpResults results = packet.toDhcpResults();
                if (results != null) {
                    confirmDhcpLease(packet, results);
                    transitionTo(isDhcpIpConflictDetectEnabled()
                            ? mIpAddressConflictDetectingState : mConfiguringInterfaceState);
                }
            } else if (packet instanceof DhcpNakPacket) {
                // TODO: Wait a while before returning into INIT state.
                Log.d(TAG, "Received NAK, returning to INIT");
                mOffer = null;
                transitionTo(mDhcpInitState);
            }
        }

        @Override
        protected void timeout() {
            // After sending REQUESTs unsuccessfully for a while, go back to init.
            transitionTo(mDhcpInitState);
        }
    }

    class DhcpHaveLeaseState extends State {
        @Override
        public boolean processMessage(Message message) {
            switch (message.what) {
                case CMD_EXPIRE_DHCP:
                    Log.d(TAG, "Lease expired!");
                    notifyFailure(DHCP_FAILURE);
                    transitionTo(mStoppedState);
                    return HANDLED;
                default:
                    return NOT_HANDLED;
            }
        }

        @Override
        public void exit() {
            // Clear any extant alarms.
            mRenewAlarm.cancel();
            mRebindAlarm.cancel();
            mExpiryAlarm.cancel();
            clearDhcpState();
            // Tell IpManager to clear the IPv4 address. There is no need to
            // wait for confirmation since any subsequent packets are sent from
            // INADDR_ANY anyway (DISCOVER, REQUEST).
            mController.sendMessage(CMD_CLEAR_LINKADDRESS);
        }
    }

    class ConfiguringInterfaceState extends LoggingState {
        @Override
        public void enter() {
            super.enter();
            // We must call notifySuccess to apply the rest of the DHCP configuration (e.g., DNS
            // servers) before adding the IP address to the interface. Otherwise, as soon as
            // IpClient sees the IP address appear, it will enter provisioned state without any
            // configuration information from DHCP. http://b/146850745.
            notifySuccess();
            mController.sendMessage(CMD_CONFIGURE_LINKADDRESS, mDhcpLease.leaseDuration, 0,
                    mDhcpLease.ipAddress);
        }

        @Override
        public boolean processMessage(Message message) {
            super.processMessage(message);
            switch (message.what) {
                case EVENT_LINKADDRESS_CONFIGURED:
                    transitionTo(mDhcpBoundState);
                    return HANDLED;
                default:
                    return NOT_HANDLED;
            }
        }
    }

    private class IpConflictDetector extends PacketReader {
        private FileDescriptor mArpSock;
        private final Inet4Address mTargetIp;

        IpConflictDetector(@NonNull Handler handler, @NonNull Inet4Address ipAddress) {
            super(handler);
            mTargetIp = ipAddress;
        }

        @Override
        protected void handlePacket(byte[] recvbuf, int length) {
            try {
                final ArpPacket packet = ArpPacket.parseArpPacket(recvbuf, length);
                if (hasIpAddressConflict(packet, mTargetIp)) {
                    mMetrics.incrementCountForIpConflict();
                    sendMessage(EVENT_IP_CONFLICT);
                }
            } catch (ArpPacket.ParseException e) {
                logError("Can't parse ARP packet", e);
            }
        }

        @Override
        protected FileDescriptor createFd() {
            try {
                mArpSock = Os.socket(AF_PACKET, SOCK_RAW | SOCK_NONBLOCK, 0 /* protocol */);
                SocketAddress addr = makePacketSocketAddress(ETH_P_ARP, mIface.index);
                Os.bind(mArpSock, addr);
                return mArpSock;
            } catch (SocketException | ErrnoException e) {
                logError("Error creating ARP socket", e);
                closeFd(mArpSock);
                mArpSock = null;
                return null;
            }
        }

        @Override
        protected void logError(@NonNull String msg, @NonNull Exception e) {
            Log.e(TAG, msg, e);
        }

        public boolean transmitPacket(@NonNull Inet4Address targetIp,
                @NonNull Inet4Address senderIp, final byte[] hwAddr,
                @NonNull SocketAddress sockAddr) {
            // RFC5227 3. describes both ARP Probes and Announcements use ARP Request packet.
            final ByteBuffer packet = ArpPacket.buildArpPacket(DhcpPacket.ETHER_BROADCAST, hwAddr,
                    targetIp.getAddress(), new byte[ETHER_ADDR_LEN], senderIp.getAddress(),
                    (short) ARP_REQUEST);
            try {
                Os.sendto(mArpSock, packet.array(), 0 /* byteOffset */,
                        packet.limit() /* byteCount */, 0 /* flags */, sockAddr);
                return true;
            } catch (ErrnoException | SocketException e) {
                logError("Can't send ARP packet", e);
                return false;
            }
        }
    }

    private boolean isArpProbe(@NonNull ArpPacket packet) {
        return (packet.opCode == ARP_REQUEST && packet.senderIp.equals(INADDR_ANY)
                && !packet.targetIp.equals(INADDR_ANY));
    }

    // RFC5227 2.1.1 says, during probing period:
    // 1. the host receives any ARP packet (Request *or* Reply) on the interface where the
    //    probe is being performed, where the packet's 'sender IP address' is the address
    //    being probed for, then the host MUST treat this address as conflict.
    // 2. the host receives any ARP Probe where the packet's 'target IP address' is the
    //    address being probed for, and the packet's 'sender hardware address' is not the
    //    hardware address of any of the host's interfaces, then the host SHOULD similarly
    //    treat this as an address conflict.
    private boolean packetHasIpAddressConflict(@NonNull ArpPacket packet,
            @NonNull Inet4Address targetIp) {
        return (((!packet.senderIp.equals(INADDR_ANY) && packet.senderIp.equals(targetIp))
                || (isArpProbe(packet) && packet.targetIp.equals(targetIp)))
                && !Arrays.equals(packet.senderHwAddress.toByteArray(), mHwAddr));
    }

    private boolean hasIpAddressConflict(@NonNull ArpPacket packet,
            @NonNull Inet4Address targetIp) {
        if (!packetHasIpAddressConflict(packet, targetIp)) return false;
        if (DBG) {
            final String senderIpString = packet.senderIp.getHostAddress();
            final String targetIpString = packet.targetIp.getHostAddress();
            final MacAddress senderMacAddress = packet.senderHwAddress;
            final MacAddress hostMacAddress = MacAddress.fromBytes(mHwAddr);
            Log.d(TAG, "IP address conflict detected:"
                    + (packet.opCode == ARP_REQUEST ? "ARP Request" : "ARP Reply")
                    + " ARP sender MAC: " + senderMacAddress.toString()
                    + " host MAC: "       + hostMacAddress.toString()
                    + " ARP sender IP: "  + senderIpString
                    + " ARP target IP: "  + targetIpString
                    + " host target IP: " + targetIp.getHostAddress());
        }
        return true;
    }

    class IpAddressConflictDetectingState extends LoggingState {
        private int mArpProbeCount;
        private int mArpAnnounceCount;
        private Inet4Address mTargetIp;
        private IpConflictDetector mIpConflictDetector;
        private PowerManager.WakeLock mTimeoutWakeLock;

        private int mArpFirstProbeDelayMs;
        private int mArpProbeMaxDelayMs;
        private int mArpProbeMinDelayMs;
        private int mArpFirstAnnounceDelayMs;
        private int mArpAnnounceIntervalMs;

        @Override
        public void enter() {
            super.enter();

            mArpProbeCount = 0;
            mArpAnnounceCount = 0;

            // IP address conflict detection occurs after receiving DHCPACK
            // message every time, i.e. we already get an available lease from
            // DHCP server, that ensures mDhcpLease should be NonNull, see
            // {@link DhcpRequestingState#receivePacket} for details.
            mTargetIp = (Inet4Address) mDhcpLease.ipAddress.getAddress();
            mIpConflictDetector = new IpConflictDetector(getHandler(), mTargetIp);

            // IpConflictDetector might fail to create the raw socket.
            if (!mIpConflictDetector.start()) {
                Log.e(TAG, "Fail to start IP Conflict Detector");
                transitionTo(mConfiguringInterfaceState);
                return;
            }

            // Read the customized parameters from DeviceConfig.
            readIpConflictParametersFromDeviceConfig();
            if (VDBG) {
                Log.d(TAG, "ARP First Probe delay: "    + mArpFirstProbeDelayMs
                        + " ARP Probe Max delay: "      + mArpProbeMaxDelayMs
                        + " ARP Probe Min delay: "      + mArpProbeMinDelayMs
                        + " ARP First Announce delay: " + mArpFirstAnnounceDelayMs
                        + " ARP Announce interval: "    + mArpAnnounceIntervalMs);
            }

            // Note that when we get here, we're still processing the WakeupMessage that caused
            // us to transition into this state, and thus the AlarmManager is still holding its
            // wakelock. That wakelock might expire as soon as this method returns.
            final PowerManager powerManager = mContext.getSystemService(PowerManager.class);
            mTimeoutWakeLock = mDependencies.getWakeLock(powerManager);
            mTimeoutWakeLock.acquire();

            // RFC5227 2.1.1 describes waiting for a random time interval between 0 and
            // PROBE_WAIT seconds before sending probe packets PROBE_NUM times, this delay
            // helps avoid hosts send initial probe packet simultaneously upon power on.
            // Probe packet transmission interval spaces randomly and uniformly between
            // PROBE_MIN and PROBE_MAX.
            sendMessageDelayed(CMD_ARP_PROBE, mRandom.nextInt(mArpFirstProbeDelayMs));
        }

        @Override
        public boolean processMessage(Message message) {
            super.processMessage(message);
            switch (message.what) {
                case CMD_ARP_PROBE:
                    // According to RFC5227, wait ANNOUNCE_WAIT seconds after
                    // the last ARP Probe, and no conflicting ARP Reply or ARP
                    // Probe has been received within this period, then host can
                    // determine the desired IP address may be used safely.
                    sendArpProbe();
                    if (++mArpProbeCount < IPV4_CONFLICT_PROBE_NUM) {
                        scheduleProbe();
                    } else {
                        scheduleAnnounce(mArpFirstAnnounceDelayMs);
                    }
                    return HANDLED;
                case CMD_ARP_ANNOUNCEMENT:
                    sendArpAnnounce();
                    if (++mArpAnnounceCount < IPV4_CONFLICT_ANNOUNCE_NUM) {
                        scheduleAnnounce(mArpAnnounceIntervalMs);
                    } else {
                        transitionTo(mConfiguringInterfaceState);
                    }
                    return HANDLED;
                case EVENT_IP_CONFLICT:
                    transitionTo(mDhcpDecliningState);
                    return HANDLED;
                default:
                    return NOT_HANDLED;
            }
        }

        // Because the timing parameters used in IP Address detection mechanism are in
        // milliseconds, WakeupMessage would be too imprecise for small timeouts.
        private void scheduleProbe() {
            long timeout = mRandom.nextInt(mArpProbeMaxDelayMs - mArpProbeMinDelayMs)
                    + mArpProbeMinDelayMs;
            sendMessageDelayed(CMD_ARP_PROBE, timeout);
        }

        private void scheduleAnnounce(final int timeout) {
            sendMessageDelayed(CMD_ARP_ANNOUNCEMENT, timeout);
        }

        @Override
        public void exit() {
            super.exit();
            mTimeoutWakeLock.release();
            mIpConflictDetector.stop();
            if (DBG) Log.d(TAG, "IP Conflict Detector stopped");
            removeMessages(CMD_ARP_PROBE);
            removeMessages(CMD_ARP_ANNOUNCEMENT);
            removeMessages(EVENT_IP_CONFLICT);
        }

        // The following timing parameters are defined in RFC5227 as fixed constants, which
        // are too long to adopt in the mobile network scenario, however more appropriate to
        // reference these fixed value as maximumValue argument to restrict the upper bound,
        // the minimum values of 10/20ms are used to avoid tight loops due to misconfiguration.
        private void readIpConflictParametersFromDeviceConfig() {
            // PROBE_WAIT
            mArpFirstProbeDelayMs = mDependencies.getIntDeviceConfig(ARP_FIRST_PROBE_DELAY_MS,
                    10, MAX_ARP_FIRST_PROBE_DELAY_MS, DEFAULT_ARP_FIRST_PROBE_DELAY_MS);

            // PROBE_MIN
            mArpProbeMinDelayMs = mDependencies.getIntDeviceConfig(ARP_PROBE_MIN_MS, 10,
                    MAX_ARP_PROBE_MIN_MS, DEFAULT_ARP_PROBE_MIN_MS);

            // PROBE_MAX
            mArpProbeMaxDelayMs = Math.max(mArpProbeMinDelayMs + 1,
                    mDependencies.getIntDeviceConfig(ARP_PROBE_MAX_MS, 20, MAX_ARP_PROBE_MAX_MS,
                    DEFAULT_ARP_PROBE_MAX_MS));

            // ANNOUNCE_WAIT
            mArpFirstAnnounceDelayMs = mDependencies.getIntDeviceConfig(ARP_FIRST_ANNOUNCE_DELAY_MS,
                    20, MAX_ARP_FIRST_ANNOUNCE_DELAY_MS, DEFAULT_ARP_FIRST_ANNOUNCE_DELAY_MS);

            // ANNOUNCE_INTERVAL
            mArpAnnounceIntervalMs = mDependencies.getIntDeviceConfig(ARP_ANNOUNCE_INTERVAL_MS, 20,
                    MAX_ARP_ANNOUNCE_INTERVAL_MS, DEFAULT_ARP_ANNOUNCE_INTERVAL_MS);
        }

        private boolean sendArpProbe() {
            return mIpConflictDetector.transmitPacket(mTargetIp /* target IP */,
                    INADDR_ANY /* sender IP */, mHwAddr, mInterfaceBroadcastAddr);
        }

        private boolean sendArpAnnounce() {
            return mIpConflictDetector.transmitPacket(mTargetIp /* target IP */,
                    mTargetIp /* sender IP */, mHwAddr, mInterfaceBroadcastAddr);
        }
    }

    class DhcpBoundState extends LoggingState {
        @Override
        public void enter() {
            super.enter();
            if (mDhcpLease.serverAddress != null && !connectUdpSock(mDhcpLease.serverAddress)) {
                // There's likely no point in going into DhcpInitState here, we'll probably
                // just repeat the transaction, get the same IP address as before, and fail.
                //
                // NOTE: It is observed that connectUdpSock() basically never fails, due to
                // SO_BINDTODEVICE. Examining the local socket address shows it will happily
                // return an IPv4 address from another interface, or even return "0.0.0.0".
                //
                // TODO: Consider deleting this check, following testing on several kernels.
                notifyFailure(DHCP_FAILURE);
                transitionTo(mStoppedState);
            }

            scheduleLeaseTimers();
            logTimeToBoundState();
        }

        @Override
        public void exit() {
            super.exit();
            mLastBoundExitTime = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime();
        }

        @Override
        public boolean processMessage(Message message) {
            super.processMessage(message);
            switch (message.what) {
                case CMD_RENEW_DHCP:
                    preDhcpTransitionTo(mWaitBeforeRenewalState, mDhcpRenewingState);
                    return HANDLED;
                case CMD_REFRESH_LINKADDRESS:
                    transitionTo(mDhcpRefreshingAddressState);
                    return HANDLED;
                default:
                    return NOT_HANDLED;
            }
        }

        private void logTimeToBoundState() {
            long now = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime();
            if (mLastBoundExitTime > mLastInitEnterTime) {
                logState(EVENT_RENEWING_BOUND, (int) (now - mLastBoundExitTime));
            } else {
                logState(EVENT_INITIAL_BOUND, (int) (now - mLastInitEnterTime));
            }
        }
    }

    abstract class DhcpReacquiringState extends PacketRetransmittingState {
        protected String mLeaseMsg;

        @Override
        public void enter() {
            super.enter();
            startNewTransaction();
        }

        protected abstract Inet4Address packetDestination();

        // Check whether DhcpClient should notify provisioning failure when receiving DHCPNAK
        // in renew/rebind state or just restart reconfiguration from StoppedState.
        protected abstract boolean shouldRestartOnNak();

        // Schedule alarm for the next DHCPREQUEST tranmission. Per RFC2131 if the client
        // receives no response to its DHCPREQUEST message, the client should wait one-half
        // of the remaining time until T2 in RENEWING state, and one-half of the remaining
        // lease time in REBINDING state, down to a minimum of 60 seconds before transmitting
        // DHCPREQUEST.
        private static final long MIN_DELAY_BEFORE_NEXT_REQUEST = 60_000L;
        protected void scheduleSlowKick(final long target) {
            final long now = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime();
            long remainingDelay = (target - now) / 2;
            if (remainingDelay < MIN_DELAY_BEFORE_NEXT_REQUEST) {
                remainingDelay = MIN_DELAY_BEFORE_NEXT_REQUEST;
            }
            mKickAlarm.schedule(now + remainingDelay);
        }

        protected boolean sendPacket() {
            return sendRequestPacket(
                    (Inet4Address) mDhcpLease.ipAddress.getAddress(),  // ciaddr
                    INADDR_ANY,                                        // DHCP_REQUESTED_IP
                    null,                                              // DHCP_SERVER_IDENTIFIER
                    packetDestination());                              // packet destination address
        }

        protected void receivePacket(DhcpPacket packet) {
            if (!isValidPacket(packet)) return;
            if ((packet instanceof DhcpAckPacket)) {
                if (maybeTransitionToIpv6OnlyWaitState(packet)) {
                    return;
                }
                final DhcpResults results = packet.toDhcpResults();
                if (results != null) {
                    if (!mDhcpLease.ipAddress.equals(results.ipAddress)) {
                        Log.d(TAG, "Renewed lease not for our current IP address!");
                        notifyFailure(DHCP_FAILURE);
                        transitionTo(mStoppedState);
                        return;
                    }
                    setDhcpLeaseExpiry(packet);
                    // Updating our notion of DhcpResults here only causes the
                    // DNS servers and routes to be updated in LinkProperties
                    // in IpManager and by any overridden relevant handlers of
                    // the registered IpManager.Callback.  IP address changes
                    // are not supported here.
                    acceptDhcpResults(results, mLeaseMsg);
                    if (mConfiguration.populateLinkAddressLifetime) {
                        // Transit to ConfiguringInterfaceState and notify address renew
                        // or rebind with success, and refresh the IPv4 address lifetime
                        // via netlink message there. Otherwise, the IPv4 address will end
                        // up being deleted from the interface when the address lifetime
                        // expires. Transit back to BoundState later and schedule new lease
                        // expiry once the address lifetime is successfully updated.
                        // This change is required since the user space updates the deprecationTime
                        // and expirationTime of IPv4 link address when it receives the netlink
                        // message from kernel. Previously the lifetime of an IPv4 address was
                        // always permanent, so we don't need to maintain lifetime updates in
                        // user space.
                        transitionTo(mConfiguringInterfaceState);
                    } else {
                        notifySuccess();
                        transitionTo(mDhcpBoundState);
                    }
                }
            } else if (packet instanceof DhcpNakPacket) {
                Log.d(TAG, "Received NAK, returning to StoppedState");
                notifyFailure(shouldRestartOnNak() ? DHCP_REFRESH_FAILURE : DHCP_FAILURE);
                transitionTo(mStoppedState);
            }
        }
    }

    class DhcpRenewingState extends DhcpReacquiringState {
        public DhcpRenewingState() {
            mLeaseMsg = "Renewed";
        }

        @Override
        public boolean processMessage(Message message) {
            if (super.processMessage(message) == HANDLED) {
                return HANDLED;
            }

            switch (message.what) {
                case CMD_REBIND_DHCP:
                    transitionTo(mDhcpRebindingState);
                    return HANDLED;
                default:
                    return NOT_HANDLED;
            }
        }

        @Override
        protected Inet4Address packetDestination() {
            // Not specifying a SERVER_IDENTIFIER option is a violation of RFC 2131, but...
            // http://b/25343517 . Try to make things work anyway by using broadcast renews.
            return (mDhcpLease.serverAddress != null) ?
                    mDhcpLease.serverAddress : INADDR_BROADCAST;
        }

        @Override
        protected boolean shouldRestartOnNak() {
            return false;
        }

        @Override
        protected void scheduleKick() {
            if (isSlowRetransmissionEnabled()) {
                scheduleSlowKick(mT2);
            } else {
                scheduleFastKick();
            }
        }
    }

    class DhcpRebindingBaseState extends DhcpReacquiringState {
        @Override
        public void enter() {
            super.enter();

            // We need to broadcast and possibly reconnect the socket to a
            // completely different server.
            closeSocketQuietly(mUdpSock);
            if (!initUdpSocket()) {
                Log.e(TAG, "Failed to recreate UDP socket");
                transitionTo(mDhcpInitState);
            }
        }

        @Override
        protected Inet4Address packetDestination() {
            return INADDR_BROADCAST;
        }

        @Override
        protected boolean shouldRestartOnNak() {
            return false;
        }
    }

    class DhcpRebindingState extends DhcpRebindingBaseState {
        DhcpRebindingState() {
            mLeaseMsg = "Rebound";
        }

        @Override
        protected void scheduleKick() {
            if (isSlowRetransmissionEnabled()) {
                scheduleSlowKick(mDhcpLeaseExpiry);
            } else {
                scheduleFastKick();
            }
        }
    }

    // The slow retransmission approach complied with RFC2131 should only be applied
    // for Renewing and Rebinding state. For this state it's expected to refresh IPv4
    // link address after roam as soon as possible, obviously it should not adopt the
    // slow retransmission algorithm. Create a base DhcpRebindingBaseState state and
    // have both of DhcpRebindingState and DhcpRefreshingAddressState extend from it,
    // then override the scheduleKick method in DhcpRebindingState to comply with slow
    // schedule and keep DhcpRefreshingAddressState as-is to use the fast schedule.
    class DhcpRefreshingAddressState extends DhcpRebindingBaseState {
        DhcpRefreshingAddressState() {
            mLeaseMsg = "Refreshing address";
        }

        @Override
        protected boolean shouldRestartOnNak() {
            return true;
        }
    }

    class DhcpInitRebootState extends DhcpRequestingState {
        @Override
        public void enter() {
            mTimeout = DHCP_INITREBOOT_TIMEOUT_MS;
            super.enter();
            startNewTransaction();
        }

        // RFC 2131 4.3.2 describes generated DHCPREQUEST message during
        // INIT-REBOOT state:
        // 'server identifier' MUST NOT be filled in, 'requested IP address'
        // option MUST be filled in with client's notion of its previously
        // assigned address. 'ciaddr' MUST be zero. The client is seeking to
        // verify a previously allocated, cached configuration. Server SHOULD
        // send a DHCPNAK message to the client if the 'requested IP address'
        // is incorrect, or is on the wrong network.
        @Override
        protected boolean sendPacket() {
            return sendRequestPacket(
                    INADDR_ANY,                                        // ciaddr
                    mLastAssignedIpv4Address,                          // DHCP_REQUESTED_IP
                    null,                                              // DHCP_SERVER_IDENTIFIER
                    INADDR_BROADCAST);                                 // packet destination address
        }

        @Override
        public void exit() {
            mLastAssignedIpv4Address = null;
            mLastAssignedIpv4AddressExpiry = 0;
        }
    }

    class DhcpRebootingState extends LoggingState {
    }

    class DhcpDecliningState extends TimeoutState {
        @Override
        public void enter() {
            // If the host experiences MAX_CONFLICTS or more address conflicts on the
            // interface, configure interface with this IP address anyway.
            if (++mConflictCount > MAX_CONFLICTS_COUNT) {
                transitionTo(mConfiguringInterfaceState);
                return;
            }

            mTimeout = mDependencies.getIntDeviceConfig(DHCP_RESTART_CONFIG_DELAY, 100,
                    MAX_DHCP_CLIENT_RESTART_CONFIG_DELAY_MS, DEFAULT_DHCP_RESTART_CONFIG_DELAY_MS);
            super.enter();
            sendPacket();
        }

        // No need to override processMessage here since this state is
        // functionally identical to its superclass TimeoutState.
        protected void timeout() {
            transitionTo(mDhcpInitState);
        }

        private boolean sendPacket() {
            return sendDeclinePacket(
                    (Inet4Address) mDhcpLease.ipAddress.getAddress(),  // requested IP
                    (Inet4Address) mDhcpLease.serverAddress);          // serverIdentifier
        }
    }

    // This state is used for IPv6-only preferred mode defined in the draft-ietf-dhc-v6only.
    // For IPv6-only capable host, it will forgo obtaining an IPv4 address for V6ONLY_WAIT
    // period if the network indicates that it can provide IPv6 connectivity by replying
    // with a valid IPv6-only preferred option in the DHCPOFFER or DHCPACK.
    class Ipv6OnlyWaitState extends TimeoutState {
        @Override
        public void enter() {
            mTimeout = mIpv6OnlyWaitTimeMs;
            super.enter();

            // Restore power save and suspend optimization if it was disabled before.
            if (mRegisteredForPreDhcpNotification) {
                mController.sendMessage(CMD_POST_DHCP_ACTION, DHCP_IPV6_ONLY, 0, null);
            }
        }

        @Override
        public void exit() {
            mIpv6OnlyWaitTimeMs = 0;
        }

        protected void timeout() {
            startInitReboot();
        }
    }

    private void logState(String name, int durationMs) {
        final DhcpClientEvent event = new DhcpClientEvent.Builder()
                .setMsg(name)
                .setDurationMs(durationMs)
                .build();
        mMetricsLog.log(mIfaceName, event);
    }
}