1ndk=true 2page.template=sdk 3 4 5ndk.mac64_download=android-ndk-r10d-darwin-x86_64.bin 6ndk.mac64_bytes=442691567 7ndk.mac64_checksum=cb101e1e62d56ea75b215f6bc6c27fae 8 9ndk.mac32_download=android-ndk-r10d-darwin-x86.bin 10ndk.mac32_bytes=441545213 11ndk.mac32_checksum=0aeb3dc062dc457a4cd01e72eadb2379 12 13ndk.linux64_download=android-ndk-r10d-linux-x86_64.bin 14ndk.linux64_bytes=459151600 15ndk.linux64_checksum=263b83071e6bca15f67898548d8d236e 16 17ndk.linux32_download=android-ndk-r10d-linux-x86.bin 18ndk.linux32_bytes=449997190 19ndk.linux32_checksum=70ed6d8c34e7e620c145b791e8eeef89 20 21ndk.win64_download=android-ndk-r10d-windows-x86_64.exe 22ndk.win64_bytes=472613732 23ndk.win64_checksum=9a33f96da58a7e0b70e47d27b4a880b4 24 25ndk.win32_download=android-ndk-r10d-windows-x86.exe 26ndk.win32_bytes=455427281 27ndk.win32_checksum=c0930abfae0c990c4d191cc4ebd46b68 28 29 30 31page.title=Android NDK 32@jd:body 33 34 35 36 37<div id="tos" style="display:none;width:760px;height:0;margin:0 auto"> 38 39<div id="download" class="ndk" style=" 40z-index: 99; 41width: 720px; 42position: absolute; 43margin: -70px 0; 44padding: 14px; 45background: white; 46border: 1px solid #999; 47box-shadow: -10px 10px 50px #888; 48-moz-box-shadow: -10px 10px 50px #888; 49-webkit-box-shadow: -10px 10px 50px #888;"> 50<p>Before installing the Android NDK, you must agree to the following terms and conditions.</p> 51<div class="sdk-terms" style="width:auto" onfocus="this.blur()"> 52<h2 class="norule">Terms and Conditions</h2> 53This is the Android Software Development Kit License Agreement 54 55<h3>1. Introduction</h3> 561.1 The Android Software Development Kit (referred to in this License Agreement as the "SDK" and 57specifically including the Android system files, packaged APIs, and Google APIs add-ons) is 58licensed to you subject to the terms of this License Agreement. This License Agreement forms a 59legally binding contract between you and Google in relation to your use of the SDK. 60 611.2 “Android” means the Android software stack for devices, as made available under the Android 62Open Source Project, which is located at the following URL: http://source.android.com/, as updated 63from time to time. 64 651.3 "Google" means Google Inc., a Delaware corporation with principal place of business at 1600 66Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA 94043, United States. 67 68 69<h3>2. Accepting this License Agreement</h3> 702.1 In order to use the SDK, you must first agree to this License Agreement. You may not use the 71SDK if you do not accept this License Agreement. 72 732.2 By clicking to accept, you hereby agree to the terms of this License Agreement. 74 752.3 You may not use the SDK and may not accept the License Agreement if you are a person barred 76from receiving the SDK under the laws of the United States or other countries including the country 77in which you are resident or from which you use the SDK. 78 792.4 If you are agreeing to be bound by this License Agreement on behalf of your employer or other 80entity, you represent and warrant that you have full legal authority to bind your employer or such 81entity to this License Agreement. If you do not have the requisite authority, you may not accept 82the License Agreement or use the SDK on behalf of your employer or other entity. 83 84 85<h3>3. SDK License from Google</h3> 863.1 Subject to the terms of this License Agreement, Google grants you a limited, worldwide, 87royalty-free, non-assignable and non-exclusive license to use the SDK solely to develop 88applications to run on the Android platform. 89 903.2 You agree that Google or third parties own all legal right, title and interest in and to the 91SDK, including any Intellectual Property Rights that subsist in the SDK. "Intellectual Property 92Rights" means any and all rights under patent law, copyright law, trade secret law, trademark law, 93and any and all other proprietary rights. Google reserves all rights not expressly granted to you. 94 953.3 You may not use the SDK for any purpose not expressly permitted by this License Agreement. 96Except to the extent required by applicable third party licenses, you may not: (a) copy (except for 97backup purposes), modify, adapt, redistribute, decompile, reverse engineer, disassemble, or create 98derivative works of the SDK or any part of the SDK; or (b) load any part of the SDK onto a mobile 99handset or any other hardware device except a personal computer, combine any part of the SDK with 100other software, or distribute any software or device incorporating a part of the SDK. 101 1023.4 You agree that you will not take any actions that may cause or result in the fragmentation of 103Android, including but not limited to distributing, participating in the creation of, or promoting 104in any way a software development kit derived from the SDK. 105 1063.5 Use, reproduction and distribution of components of the SDK licensed under an open source 107software license are governed solely by the terms of that open source software license and not this 108License Agreement. 109 1103.6 You agree that the form and nature of the SDK that Google provides may change without prior 111notice to you and that future versions of the SDK may be incompatible with applications developed 112on previous versions of the SDK. You agree that Google may stop (permanently or temporarily) 113providing the SDK (or any features within the SDK) to you or to users generally at Google's sole 114discretion, without prior notice to you. 115 1163.7 Nothing in this License Agreement gives you a right to use any of Google's trade names, 117trademarks, service marks, logos, domain names, or other distinctive brand features. 118 1193.8 You agree that you will not remove, obscure, or alter any proprietary rights notices (including 120copyright and trademark notices) that may be affixed to or contained within the SDK. 121 122 123<h3>4. Use of the SDK by You</h3> 1244.1 Google agrees that it obtains no right, title or interest from you (or your licensors) under 125this License Agreement in or to any software applications that you develop using the SDK, including 126any intellectual property rights that subsist in those applications. 127 1284.2 You agree to use the SDK and write applications only for purposes that are permitted by (a) 129this License Agreement and (b) any applicable law, regulation or generally accepted practices or 130guidelines in the relevant jurisdictions (including any laws regarding the export of data or 131software to and from the United States or other relevant countries). 132 1334.3 You agree that if you use the SDK to develop applications for general public users, you will 134protect the privacy and legal rights of those users. If the users provide you with user names, 135passwords, or other login information or personal information, you must make the users aware that 136the information will be available to your application, and you must provide legally adequate 137privacy notice and protection for those users. If your application stores personal or sensitive 138information provided by users, it must do so securely. If the user provides your application with 139Google Account information, your application may only use that information to access the user's 140Google Account when, and for the limited purposes for which, the user has given you permission to 141do so. 142 1434.4 You agree that you will not engage in any activity with the SDK, including the development or 144distribution of an application, that interferes with, disrupts, damages, or accesses in an 145unauthorized manner the servers, networks, or other properties or services of any third party 146including, but not limited to, Google or any mobile communications carrier. 147 1484.5 You agree that you are solely responsible for (and that Google has no responsibility to you or 149to any third party for) any data, content, or resources that you create, transmit or display 150through Android and/or applications for Android, and for the consequences of your actions 151(including any loss or damage which Google may suffer) by doing so. 152 1534.6 You agree that you are solely responsible for (and that Google has no responsibility to you or 154to any third party for) any breach of your obligations under this License Agreement, any applicable 155third party contract or Terms of Service, or any applicable law or regulation, and for the 156consequences (including any loss or damage which Google or any third party may suffer) of any such 157breach. 158 159 160<h3>5. Your Developer Credentials</h3> 1615.1 You agree that you are responsible for maintaining the confidentiality of any developer 162credentials that may be issued to you by Google or which you may choose yourself and that you will 163be solely responsible for all applications that are developed under your developer credentials. 164 165 166<h3>6. Privacy and Information</h3> 1676.1 In order to continually innovate and improve the SDK, Google may collect certain usage 168statistics from the software including but not limited to a unique identifier, associated IP 169address, version number of the software, and information on which tools and/or services in the SDK 170are being used and how they are being used. Before any of this information is collected, the SDK 171will notify you and seek your consent. If you withhold consent, the information will not be 172collected. 173 1746.2 The data collected is examined in the aggregate to improve the SDK and is maintained in 175accordance with Google's Privacy Policy. 176 177 178<h3>7. Third Party Applications</h3> 1797.1 If you use the SDK to run applications developed by a third party or that access data, content 180or resources provided by a third party, you agree that Google is not responsible for those 181applications, data, content, or resources. You understand that all data, content or resources which 182you may access through such third party applications are the sole responsibility of the person from 183which they originated and that Google is not liable for any loss or damage that you may experience 184as a result of the use or access of any of those third party applications, data, content, or 185resources. 186 1877.2 You should be aware the data, content, and resources presented to you through such a third 188party application may be protected by intellectual property rights which are owned by the providers 189(or by other persons or companies on their behalf). You may not modify, rent, lease, loan, sell, 190distribute or create derivative works based on these data, content, or resources (either in whole 191or in part) unless you have been specifically given permission to do so by the relevant owners. 192 1937.3 You acknowledge that your use of such third party applications, data, content, or resources may 194be subject to separate terms between you and the relevant third party. In that case, this License 195Agreement does not affect your legal relationship with these third parties. 196 197 198<h3>8. Using Android APIs</h3> 1998.1 Google Data APIs 200 2018.1.1 If you use any API to retrieve data from Google, you acknowledge that the data may be 202protected by intellectual property rights which are owned by Google or those parties that provide 203the data (or by other persons or companies on their behalf). Your use of any such API may be 204subject to additional Terms of Service. You may not modify, rent, lease, loan, sell, distribute or 205create derivative works based on this data (either in whole or in part) unless allowed by the 206relevant Terms of Service. 207 2088.1.2 If you use any API to retrieve a user's data from Google, you acknowledge and agree that you 209shall retrieve data only with the user's explicit consent and only when, and for the limited 210purposes for which, the user has given you permission to do so. 211 212 213<h3>9. Terminating this License Agreement</h3> 2149.1 This License Agreement will continue to apply until terminated by either you or Google as set 215out below. 216 2179.2 If you want to terminate this License Agreement, you may do so by ceasing your use of the SDK 218and any relevant developer credentials. 219 2209.3 Google may at any time, terminate this License Agreement with you if: 221(A) you have breached any provision of this License Agreement; or 222(B) Google is required to do so by law; or 223(C) the partner with whom Google offered certain parts of SDK (such as APIs) to you has terminated 224its relationship with Google or ceased to offer certain parts of the SDK to you; or 225(D) Google decides to no longer provide the SDK or certain parts of the SDK to users in the country 226in which you are resident or from which you use the service, or the provision of the SDK or certain 227SDK services to you by Google is, in Google's sole discretion, no longer commercially viable. 228 2299.4 When this License Agreement comes to an end, all of the legal rights, obligations and 230liabilities that you and Google have benefited from, been subject to (or which have accrued over 231time whilst this License Agreement has been in force) or which are expressed to continue 232indefinitely, shall be unaffected by this cessation, and the provisions of paragraph 14.7 shall 233continue to apply to such rights, obligations and liabilities indefinitely. 234 235 236<h3>10. DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTIES</h3> 23710.1 YOU EXPRESSLY UNDERSTAND AND AGREE THAT YOUR USE OF THE SDK IS AT YOUR SOLE RISK AND THAT THE 238SDK IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND "AS AVAILABLE" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND FROM GOOGLE. 239 24010.2 YOUR USE OF THE SDK AND ANY MATERIAL DOWNLOADED OR OTHERWISE OBTAINED THROUGH THE USE OF THE 241SDK IS AT YOUR OWN DISCRETION AND RISK AND YOU ARE SOLELY RESPONSIBLE FOR ANY DAMAGE TO YOUR 242COMPUTER SYSTEM OR OTHER DEVICE OR LOSS OF DATA THAT RESULTS FROM SUCH USE. 243 24410.3 GOOGLE FURTHER EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES AND CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, WHETHER EXPRESS 245OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES AND CONDITIONS OF MERCHANTABILITY, 246FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. 247 248 249<h3>11. LIMITATION OF LIABILITY</h3> 25011.1 YOU EXPRESSLY UNDERSTAND AND AGREE THAT GOOGLE, ITS SUBSIDIARIES AND AFFILIATES, AND ITS 251LICENSORS SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU UNDER ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, 252INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, CONSEQUENTIAL OR EXEMPLARY DAMAGES THAT MAY BE INCURRED BY YOU, INCLUDING ANY 253LOSS OF DATA, WHETHER OR NOT GOOGLE OR ITS REPRESENTATIVES HAVE BEEN ADVISED OF OR SHOULD HAVE BEEN 254AWARE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF ANY SUCH LOSSES ARISING. 255 256 257<h3>12. Indemnification</h3> 25812.1 To the maximum extent permitted by law, you agree to defend, indemnify and hold harmless 259Google, its affiliates and their respective directors, officers, employees and agents from and 260against any and all claims, actions, suits or proceedings, as well as any and all losses, 261liabilities, damages, costs and expenses (including reasonable attorneys fees) arising out of or 262accruing from (a) your use of the SDK, (b) any application you develop on the SDK that infringes 263any copyright, trademark, trade secret, trade dress, patent or other intellectual property right of 264any person or defames any person or violates their rights of publicity or privacy, and (c) any 265non-compliance by you with this License Agreement. 266 267 268<h3>13. Changes to the License Agreement</h3> 26913.1 Google may make changes to the License Agreement as it distributes new versions of the SDK. 270When these changes are made, Google will make a new version of the License Agreement available on 271the website where the SDK is made available. 272 273 274<h3>14. General Legal Terms</h3> 27514.1 This License Agreement constitutes the whole legal agreement between you and Google and 276governs your use of the SDK (excluding any services which Google may provide to you under a 277separate written agreement), and completely replaces any prior agreements between you and Google in 278relation to the SDK. 279 28014.2 You agree that if Google does not exercise or enforce any legal right or remedy which is 281contained in this License Agreement (or which Google has the benefit of under any applicable law), 282this will not be taken to be a formal waiver of Google's rights and that those rights or remedies 283will still be available to Google. 284 28514.3 If any court of law, having the jurisdiction to decide on this matter, rules that any 286provision of this License Agreement is invalid, then that provision will be removed from this 287License Agreement without affecting the rest of this License Agreement. The remaining provisions of 288this License Agreement will continue to be valid and enforceable. 289 29014.4 You acknowledge and agree that each member of the group of companies of which Google is the 291parent shall be third party beneficiaries to this License Agreement and that such other companies 292shall be entitled to directly enforce, and rely upon, any provision of this License Agreement that 293confers a benefit on (or rights in favor of) them. Other than this, no other person or company 294shall be third party beneficiaries to this License Agreement. 295 29614.5 EXPORT RESTRICTIONS. THE SDK IS SUBJECT TO UNITED STATES EXPORT LAWS AND REGULATIONS. YOU MUST 297COMPLY WITH ALL DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT LAWS AND REGULATIONS THAT APPLY TO THE SDK. THESE 298LAWS INCLUDE RESTRICTIONS ON DESTINATIONS, END USERS AND END USE. 299 30014.6 The rights granted in this License Agreement may not be assigned or transferred by either you 301or Google without the prior written approval of the other party. Neither you nor Google shall be 302permitted to delegate their responsibilities or obligations under this License Agreement without 303the prior written approval of the other party. 304 30514.7 This License Agreement, and your relationship with Google under this License Agreement, shall 306be governed by the laws of the State of California without regard to its conflict of laws 307provisions. You and Google agree to submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts located 308within the county of Santa Clara, California to resolve any legal matter arising from this License 309Agreement. Notwithstanding this, you agree that Google shall still be allowed to apply for 310injunctive remedies (or an equivalent type of urgent legal relief) in any jurisdiction. 311 312 313<em>November 13, 2012</em> 314</div> 315 316 317 318<div id="sdk-terms-form"> 319<p> 320<input id="agree" type="checkbox" name="agree" value="1" onclick="onAgreeChecked()" /> 321<label id="agreeLabel" for="agree">I have read and agree with the above terms and conditions</label> 322</p> 323<p><a href="" class="button disabled ndk" id="downloadForRealz" onclick="return onDownloadNdkForRealz(this);"></a></p> 324</div> 325 326 327 328</div> 329</div> 330 331 <div id="qv-wrapper"> 332 <div id="qv"> 333 <h2>In this document</h2> 334 335 <ol> 336 <li><a href="#Downloads">Downloads</a></li> 337 <li><a href="#Revisions">Revisions</a></li> 338 <li><a href="#Reqs">System and Software Requirements</a></li> 339 <li><a href="#Installing">Installing the NDK</a></li> 340 <li><a href="#GetStarted">Getting Started with the NDK</a> 341 <ol> 342 <li><a href="#Using">Using the NDK</a></li> 343 </ol> 344 </li> 345 <li><a href="#Contents">Contents of the NDK</a> 346 <ol> 347 <li><a href="#Tools">Development tools</a></li> 348 <li><a href="#Docs">Documentation</a></li> 349 <li><a href="#Samples">Sample apps</a></li> 350 </ol> 351 </li> 352 </ol> 353 </div> 354 </div> 355 356 <p>The NDK is a toolset that allows you to implement parts 357 of your app using native-code languages such as C and C++. For certain types of apps, 358 this can be helpful so you can reuse existing code libraries written in these 359 languages, but most apps do not need the Android NDK.</p> 360 361 <p>Before downloading the NDK, you should understand that <strong>the NDK 362 will not benefit most apps</strong>. As a developer, you need to balance its benefits 363 against its drawbacks. Notably, using native code on Android 364 generally does not result in a noticable performance improvement, 365 but it always increases your app complexity. In general, you should only use the NDK 366 if it is essential to your app—never because you simply prefer to program in C/C++.</p> 367 368 <p>Typical good candidates for the NDK are CPU-intensive workloads such as game engines, 369 signal processing, physics simulation, and so on. When examining 370 whether or not you should develop in native code, think about your requirements and see if the 371 Android framework APIs provide the functionality that you need.</p> 372 373 374<h2 id="Downloads">Downloads</h2> 375 376 377<script> 378$('#Downloads').after($('#download-table')); 379</script> 380 381<h2 id="Revisions">Revisions</h2> 382 383<p>The following sections provide information about releases of the NDK.</p> 384 385 386<div class="toggle-content opened"> 387 <p> 388 <a href="#" onclick="return toggleContent(this)"> <img 389 src="/assets/images/triangle-opened.png" class="toggle-content-img" alt="" 390 >Android NDK, Revision 10d</a> <em>(December 2014)</em> 391 </p> 392 <div class="toggle-content-toggleme"> 393 <dl> 394 <dt>Important changes:</dt> 395 <dd> 396 <ul> 397 <li>Made GCC 4.8 the default for all 32-bit ABIs. Deprecated GCC 4.6, and 398 will remove it next release. To restore previous behavior, either add 399 <code>NDK_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION=4.6</code> to ndk-build, or 400 add <code>--toolchain=arm-linux-androideabi-4.6</code> when executing 401 <code>make-standalone-toolchain.sh</code> on the command line. GCC 4.9 remains the 402 default for 64-bit ABIs.</li> 403 404 <li>Stopped all x86[_64] toolchains from adding <code>-mstackrealign</code> by default. The 405 NDK toolchain assumes a 16-byte stack alignment. The tools and options used by default 406 enforce this rule. A user writing assembly code must make sure to preserve stack 407 alignment, and ensure that other compilers also comply with this rule. 408 (GCC bug <a href="https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=38496">38496</a>)</li> 409 410 <li>Added Address Sanitizer functionality to Clang 3.5 support to the ARM and x86 ABIs. 411 For more information on this change, see the 412 <a href="https://code.google.com/p/address-sanitizer/wiki/Android">Address 413 Sanitizer</a> project.</li> 414 415 <li>Introduced the requirement, starting from API level 21, to use <code>-fPIE -pie 416 </code> when building. In API levels 16 and higher, ndk-build uses <code>PIE</code> 417 when building. This change has a number of implications, which are discussed in 418 <a href="https://code.google.com/p/android-developer-preview/issues/detail?id=888"> 419 Developer Preview Issue 888</a>. 420 These implications do not apply to shared libraries.</li> 421 </ul> 422 </dd> 423 <dl> 424 425 426 <dt>Important bug fixes:</dt> 427 <dd> 428 <ul> 429 <li>Made more fixes related to 430 <a href="https://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc-patches/2014-10/msg00906.html"> 431 A53 Errata #835769</a> in the aarch64-linux-android-4.9 linker. As part of this, GCC 432 passes a new option, <code>--fix-cortex-a53-835769</code>, when 433 <code>-mfix-cortex-a53-835769</code> (enabled by default) is specified. 434 For more information, see this 435 <a href="https://sourceware.org/ml/binutils/2014-10/msg00198.html">binutils message</a> 436 and this 437 <a href="https://sourceware.org/ml/binutils/2014-11/msg00287.html">binutils message</a>. 438 </li> 439 440 <li>Documented a fix to a libc++ <code>sscanf/vsscanf</code> hang that occurred in API level 441 21. The fix itself had been implemented in r10c. 442 (Issue <a href="http://b.android.com/77988">77988</a>)</li> 443 444 <li>Fixed an AutoFDO (<code>-fauto-profile</code>) crash that occurred with GCC 4.9 when 445 <code>-Os</code> was specified. (Issue <a href="http://b.android.com/77571">77571</a>)</li> 446 </ul> 447 </dd> 448 449 450 <dt>Other bug fixes:</dt> 451 <dd> 452 <ul> 453 <li>Made the following header and library fixes:</li> 454 <ul> 455 <li>Added <code>posix_memalign</code> to API level 16. Also, added a prototype in 456 <code>stdlib.h</code> to API levels 16 to 19. 457 (Issue <a href="http://b.android.com/77861">77861</a>)</li> 458 <li>Fixed <code>stdatomic.h</code> so that it includes <code><atomic></code> only for 459 C++11.</li> 460 <li>Modified the following headers for standalone use: <code>sys/user.h</code>, and 461 <code>gl2ext.h</code>, <code>dlext.h</code>, <code>fts.h</code>, <code>sgidefs.h</code> 462 for API level 21.</li> 463 <li>Modified <code>sys/user.h</code> to rename <code>mxcsr_mask</code> as <code>mxcr_mask</code>, 464 and to change the data type for <code>u_ar0</code></li> from <code>unsigned long</code> 465 to </code>struct user_regs_struct*</code>. 466 <li>Changed <code>sysconf()</code> return value type from <code>int</code> to 467 <code>long</code>.</li> 468 </ul> 469 470 <li>Fixed ndk-build's handling of <code>thumb</code> for <code>LOCAL_ARM_MODE</code>: In 471 r10d, ndk-build adds <code>LOCAL_LDFLAGS+=-mthumb</code> by default, unless one of the 472 following conditions applies:</li> 473 <ul> 474 <li>You have set <code>LOCAL_ARM_MODE</code> equal to <code>arm</code>.</li> 475 <li>You are doing a debug build (with settings such as <code>APP_OPTIM=debug</code> and 476 <code>AndroidManifest.xml</code> containing <code>android:debuggable="true"</code>), 477 where ARM mode is the default in order to retain compatibility with earlier toolchains. 478 (Issue <a href="http://b.android.com/74040">74040</a>)</li> 479 </ul> 480 481 <li>Fixed <code>LOCAL_SRC_FILES</code> in ndk-build to use Windows absolute paths. 482 (Issue <a href="http://b.android.com/74333">74333</a>)</li> 483 484 <li>Removed bash-specific code from ndk-gdb. (Issue <a href="http://b.android.com/73338">73338</a>)</li> 485 486 <li>Removed bash-specific code from <code>make-standalone-toolchain.sh</code>. 487 (Issue <a href="http://b.android.com/74145">74145)</a></li> 488 489 <li>Revised documentation concerning a fix for <code>System.loadLibrary()</code> transitive 490 dependencies. (Issue <a href="http://b.android.com/41790">41790</a>)</li> 491 492 <li>Fixed a problem that was preventing 64-bit packages from extracting on Ubuntu 14.04 and 493 OS X 10.10 (Yosemite). (Issue <a href="http://b.android.com/78148">78148</a>)</li> 494 495 <li>Fixed an issue with <code>LOCAL_PCH</code> to improve Clang support. (Issue 496 <a href="http://b.android.com/77575">77575</a>)</li> 497 498 <li>Clarified "requires executable stack" warning from ld.gold. (Issue 499 <a href="http://b.android.com/79115">79115</a>)</li> 500 </ul> 501 </dd> 502 503 </dl> 504 </div> 505</div> 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513<div class="toggle-content closed"> 514 <p> 515 <a href="#" onclick="return toggleContent(this)"> <img 516 src="/assets/images/triangle-closed.png" class="toggle-content-img" alt="" 517 >Android NDK, Revision 10c</a> <em>(October 2014)</em> 518 </p> 519 <div class="toggle-content-toggleme"> 520 <dl> 521 <dt>Important changes:</dt> 522 <dd> 523 <ul> 524 <li>Made the following changes to download structure:</li> 525 <ul> 526 <li>Each package now contains both the 32- and the 64-bit headers, libraries, and tools for 527 its respective platform.</li> 528 <li>STL libraries with debugging info no longer need be downloaded separately.</li> 529 </ul> 530 <li>Changed everything previously called <code>Android-L</code> to the official release 531 designation: <code>android-21</code>.</li> 532 <li>Updated GCC 4.9 by rebasing to the <code>google</code> branch 533 of the GCC repository. Major differences from the upstream version of GCC 4.9 include:</li> 534 535 <ul> 536 <li>The <code>-O2</code> option now turns on vectorization, without loop peeling but with more 537 aggressive unrolling.</li> 538 <li>Enhancements to FDO and <a href="https://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/LightweightIpo#LIPO_-_Profile_Feedback_Based_Lightweight_IPO"> 539 LIPO</a></li> 540 <p>For more detailed information, see <em>Important bug fixes</em> below.</p> 541 </ul> 542 543 <li>Added Clang 3.5 support to all hosts: <code>NDK_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION=clang</code> 544 now picks Clang 3.5. Note that:</li> 545 <ul> 546 547 <li>ARM and x86 default to using the integrated assembler. If this causes issues, use 548 <code>-fno-integrated-as</code> as a workaround.</code> 549 <li>Clang 3.5 issues more warnings for unused flags, such as the <code>-finline-functions</code> 550 option that GCC supports.</li> 551 <p>When migrating from projects using GCC, you can use 552 <code>-Wno-invalid-command-line-argument</code> and <code>-Wno-unused-command-line-argument</code> 553 to ignore the unused flags until you're able decide on what to do with them longer-term.</p> 554 555 </ul> 556 <li>Made it possible to enter ART debugging mode, when debugging on an Android 5.0 device using 557 ART as its virtual machine, by specifying the <code>art-on</code> option. For more information, 558 see <code>prebuilt/common/gdb/common.setup</code> in the directory containing the NDK.</li> 559 <li>Removed support for Clang 3.3.</li> 560 <li>Deprecated GCC 4.6, and may remove it from future releases.</li> 561 <li>Updated mclinker to 2.8 with Identical Code Folding ("ICF") support. Specify ICF using the 562 <code>--icf</code> option.</li> 563 <li>Broadened <code>arm_neon.h</code> support in x86 and x86_64, attaining coverage of ~93% of 564 NEON intrinsics. For more information about NEON support: 565 <ul> 566 <li>Navigate to the NDK Programmer's Guide (<code>docs/Programmers_Guide/html/</code>), and see 567 Architectures and CPUs > Neon.</li> 568 <li>Examine the updated <code>hello-neon</code> sample in <code>samples/</code>. 569 <li>See Intel's guide to <a href="https://software.intel.com/en-us/blogs/2012/12/12/from-arm-neon-to-intel-mmxsse-automatic-porting-solution-tips-and-tricks"> porting from ARM NEON to Intel SSE.</a></li> 570 </ul> 571 <li>Documented support for <code>_FORTIFY_SOURCE</code> in <code>headers/libs/android-21</code>, 572 which appeared in r10 (when <code>android-21</code> was still called <code>Android-L</code>), 573 but had no documentation.</li> 574 </ul> 575 </dd> 576 <dl> 577 578 579 <dt>Important bug fixes:</dt> 580 <dd> 581 <ul> 582 <li>Fixed an internal compiler error with GCC4.9/aarch64 that was causing the following 583 error message (Issue <a href="http://b.android.com/77564">77564</a>):</li> 584<pre> 585internal compiler error: in simplify_const_unary_operation, at simplify-rtx.c:1539 586</pre> 587 <li>Fixed incorrect code generation from GCC4.9/arm. (Issue 588 <a href="http://b.android.com/77567">77567<a>)</li> 589 <li>Fixed an internal compiler error with GCC4.9/mips involving inline-assembly. (Issue 590 <a href="http://b.android.com/77568">77568</a>)</li> 591 <li>Fixed incorrect code that GCC4.9/arm was generating for <code>x = (cond) ? y : x</code>. 592 (Issue <a href="http://b.android.com/77569">77569</a>)</li> 593 <li>Fixed GCC4.9/aarch64 and Clang3.5/aarch64 to work around the 594 <a href="http://lists.cs.uiuc.edu/pipermail/cfe-commits/Week-of-Mon-20141006/116322.html"> 595 Cortex-A53 erratum (835769)</a> by default. Disable the workaround by specifying 596 <code>-mno-fix-cortex-a53-835769</code>.</li> 597 </ul> 598 </dd> 599 600 601 <dt>Other bug fixes:</dt> 602 <dd> 603 <ul> 604 <li>Made the following header and library fixes to <code>android-21</code>: 605 <ul> 606 607 <li>Added more TV keycodes: <code>android/keycodes.h</code></li> 608 <li>Added more constants and six new sensor functions to <code>android/sensor.h</code>: 609 <code>ASensorManager_getDefaultSensorEx</code>, <code>ASensor_getFifoMaxEventCount</code>, 610 <code>ASensor_getFifoReservedEventCount</code>, <code>ASensor_getStringType</code>, 611 <code>ASensor_getReportingMode</code>, and <code>ASensor_isWakeUpSensor</code>.</li> 612 <li>Fixed <code>stdatomic.h</code> to improve compatibility with GCC 4.6, and provide support 613 for the <code><atomic></code> header.</li> 614 <li>Added <code>sys/ucontext.h</code> and <code>sys/user.h</code> to all API levels. The 615 <code>signal.h</code> header now includes <code><sys/ucontext.h></code>. You may 616 remove any existing definition of <code>struct ucontext</code>.</li> 617 <li>Added <code>posix_memalign</code> to API levels 17, 18, and 19.</li> 618 <li>Added the following functions to all architectures: 619 <code>android_set_abort_message</code>, <code>posix_fadvise</code>, 620 <code>posix_fadvise64</code>, <code>pthread_gettid_np</code>.</li> 621 <li>Added the required permissions to the <code>native-media/AndroidManifest.xml</code> 622 sample. 623 (Issue <a href="https://android-review.googlesource.com/#/c/106640/">106640</a>)</li> 624 <li>Added <code>clock_nanosleep</code> and <code>clock_settime</code> to API level 21. (Issue 625 <a href="http://b.android.com/77372">77372</a>) 626 <li>Removed the following symbols from all architectures: 627 <code>get_malloc_leak_info</code>, <code>free_malloc_leak_info</code>, 628 <code>__srget</code>, <code>__swbuf</code>, <code>__srefill</code>, <code>__swsetup</code>, 629 <code>__sdidinit</code>, <code>__sflags</code>, <code>__sfp</code>, 630 <code>__sinit</code>, <code>__smakebuf</code>, <code>__sflush</code>, <code>__sread</code>, 631 <code>__swrite</code>, <code>__sseek</code>, <code>__sclose</code>, 632 <code>_fwalk</code>, <code>__sglue</code>, <code>__get_thread</code>, <code>__wait4</code>, 633 <code>__futex_wake</code>, <code>__open</code>, <code>__get_tls</code>, 634 <code>__getdents64</code>, and <code>dlmalloc</code>.</li> 635 <li>Removed the following functions from the 64-bit architectures: <code>basename_r</code>, 636 <code>dirname_r</code>, <code>__isthreaded</code>, <code>_flush_cache</code> (mips64).</li> 637 <li>Removed the following function from the 32-bit architectures: 638 <code>__signalfd4</code>.</li> 639 <li>Changed the type of the third argument from <code>size_t</code> to <code>int</code> in 640 the following functions: <code>strtoll_l</code>, <code>strtoull_l</code>, 641 <code>wcstoll_l</code>, and <code>wcstoull_l</code>.</li> 642 <li>Restored the following functions to the 64-bit architecture: <code>arc4random</code>, 643 <code>arc4random_buf</code>, and <code>arc4random_uniform</code>.</li> 644 <li>Moved <code>cxa_*</code> and the <code>new</code> and <code>delete</code> operators back 645 to <code>libstdc++.so</code>. This change restores r9d behavior; previous versions of r10 646 contained dummy files.</li> 647 648 </ul> 649 <li>Restored MXU support in GCC 4.8 and 4.9 for mips. This support had been absent from 650 r10 and r10b because those versions of GCC had been compiled with binutils-2.24, which did 651 not support MXU. It now does.</li> 652 <li>Fixed <code>--toolchain=</code> in <code>make-standalone-toolchain.sh</code> so that it 653 now properly supports use of a suffix specifying a version of Clang.</li> 654 <li>Fixed the libc++/armeabi <code>strtod()</code> functions.</li> 655 <li>Made fixes to NDK documentation in <code>docs/</code>.</li> 656 </ul> 657 </dd> 658 659 <dt>Other changes:</dt> 660 <dd> 661 <ul> 662 <li>Enhanced <code>cpu-features</code> to detect ARMv8 support for the following 663 instruction sets: AES, CRC32, SHA2, SHA1, and 64-bit PMULL/PMULL2. (Issue 664 <a href="https://android-review.googlesource.com/#/c/106360/">106360</a>)</li> 665 666 <li>Modified ndk-build to use <code>*-gcc-ar</code>, which is available in GCC 4.8, GCC 4.9, and 667 Clang. Clang specifies it, instead of <code>*-ar</code>. This setting brings improved LTO 668 support.</li> 669 670 <li>Removed the <code>include-fixed/linux/a.out.h</code> and 671 <code>include-fixed/linux/compiler.h</code> headers from the GCC compiler. 672 (Issue <a href ="http://b.android.com/73728">73728</a>)</li> 673 674 <li>Fixed an issue related to <code>-flto</code> with GCC 4.8 on Mac OS X. The error message 675 read:</li> 676 677 <pre> 678.../ld: error: .../libexec/gcc/arm-linux-androideabi/4.9/liblto_plugin.so 679Symbol not found: _environ 680</pre> 681 682 <li>Fixed a typo in <code>build-binary.mk.</code> (Issue 683 <a href="http://b.android.com/76992">76992</a>)</li> 684 </ul> 685 </dd> 686 687 <dt>Important known issues:</dt> 688 <dd> 689 <ul> 690 <li>Specifying -Os (<code>-fauto-profile</code>) in GCC4.9 may cause crashing. 691 (Issue <a href="http://b.android.com/77571">77571</a>)</li> 692 </ul> 693 </dd> 694 695 </dl> 696 </div> 697</div> 698 699<div class="toggle-content closed"> 700 <p> 701 <a href="#" onclick="return toggleContent(this)"> <img 702 src="/assets/images/triangle-closed.png" class="toggle-content-img" alt="" 703 >Android NDK, Revision 10b</a> <em>(September 2014)</em> 704 </p> 705 <div class="toggle-content-toggleme"> 706 <dl> 707 708 <dt>Important notes:</dt> 709 <dd> 710 <ul> 711 <li>Because of the 512MB size restriction on downloadable packages, the following 32-bit items are not in the 32-bit NDK download packages. Instead, they reside in the 64-bit ones:</li> 712 <ul> 713 <li>Android-L headers</li> 714 <li>GCC 4.9</li> 715 </ul> 716 <li>Currently, the only Renderscript support provided by the NDK is for 32-bit Renderscript with Android 4.4 (API level 19). You cannot build HelloComputeNDK (the only Renderscript sample) with any other combination of Renderscript (32- or 64-bit) and Android version.</li> 717 <li>To compile native-codec, you must use a 64-bit NDK package, which is where all the Android-L headers are located. </li> 718 </ul> 719 </dd> 720 721 722 <dt>Important bug fixes:</dt> 723 <dd> 724 <ul> 725 <li>Fixed gdb 7.6 in GCC 4.8/4.9. (Issues <a href="http://b.android.com/74112">74112</a> and <a href="http://b.android.com/74371">74371</a>.)</li> 726 <li>Fixed GCC 4.8/4.9 for x86, so that they no longer enable <code>-msse4.2</code> and <code>-mpopcnt</code> by default. (Issue <a href="http://b.android.com/73843">73843</a>.)</li> 727 </ul> 728 </dd> 729 730 <dt>Other bug fixes:</dt> 731 <dd> 732 <ul> 733 <li>Removed <code>stdio.h</code> from the <code>include-fixed/</code> directories of all versions of GCC. (Issue <a href="http://b.android.com/73728">73728</a>.)</li> 734 <li>Removed duplicate header files from the Windows packages in the <code>platforms/android-L/arch-*/usr/include/linux/netfilter*/</code> directories. (Issue <a href="https://code.google.com/p/android/issues/detail?id=73704">73704</a>.)</li> 735 <li>Fixed a problem that prevented Clang from building HelloComputeNDK.</li> 736 <li>Fixed atexit. (Issue <a href="http://b.android.com/66595">66595</a>.)</li> 737 <li>Made various fixes to the docs in <code>docs/</code> and <code>sources/third_party/googletest/README.NDK</code>. (Issue <a href="http://b.android.com/74069">74069</a>.)</li> 738 <li>Made the following fixes to the Android-L headers:</li> 739 <ol> 740 <li>Added the following functions to <code>ctype.h</code> and <code>wchar.h</code>: <code>dn_expand()</code>, <code>grantpt()</code>, <code> inet_nsap_addr()</code>, <code>inet_nsap_ntoa()</code>, <code>insque()</code>, <code>nsdispatch()</code>, <code>posix_openpt()</code>, <code>__pthread_cleanup_pop()</code>, <code>__pthread_cleanup_push()</code>, <code>remque()</code>, <code>setfsgid()</code>, <code>setfsuid()</code>, <code>splice()</code>, <code>tee()</code>, <code>twalk()</code> (Issue <a href = "http://b.android.com/73719">73719</a>), and 42 <code>*_l()</code> functions.</li> 741 742 <li>Renamed <code>cmsg_nxthdr</code> to <code>__cmsg_nxthdr</code>.</li> 743 744 <li>Removed <code>__libc_malloc_dispatch</code>.</li> 745 746 <li>Changed the <code>ptrace()</code> prototype to <code>long ptrace(int, ...);</code>.</li> 747 748 <li>Removed <code>sha1.h</code>.</li> 749 750 <li>Extended <code>android_dlextinfo</code> in <code>android/dlext.h</code>.</li> 751 752 <li>Annotated <code>__NDK_FPABI__</code> for functions receiving or returning float- or double-type values in <code>stdlib.h</code>, <code>time.h</code>, <code>wchar.h</code>, and <code>complex.h</code>.</li> 753 </ol> 754 </ul> 755 </dd> 756 757 <dt>Other changes:</dt> 758 <dd> 759 <ul> 760 <li>Updated <code>mipsel-linux-android-4.9</code> and <code>mips64el-linux-android-4.9</code>, implementing a new multilib directory layout, and providing support for gdb-7.7</li> 761 <li>Enhanced <code>cpu-features</code> to detect more arm64 features. (Change list <a href="https://android-review.googlesource.com/#/c/100339">100339</a>.)</li> 762 </dd> 763 </ul> 764 765 </dl> 766 </div> 767</div> 768 769<div class="toggle-content closed"> 770 <p> 771 <a href="#" onclick="return toggleContent(this)"> <img 772 src="/assets/images/triangle-closed.png" class="toggle-content-img" alt="" 773 >Android NDK, Revision 10</a> <em>(July 2014)</em> 774 </p> 775 <div class="toggle-content-toggleme"> 776 <dl> 777 <dt>Important changes:</dt> 778 <dd> 779 <ul> 780 <li>Added 3 new ABIs, all 64-bit: arm64-v8a, x86_64, mips64.</li> Note that: 781 <ul> 782 <li>GCC 4.9 is the default compiler for 64-bit ABIs. Clang is currently version 3.4. 783<code>NDK_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION=clang</code> 784 may not work for arm64-v8a and mips64.</li> 785 <li>Android-L is the first level with 64-bit support. Note that this API 786level is a temporary one, and only for L-preview. An actual API level number will replace it at 787L-release.</li> 788 <li>This release includes now includes <code>all32</code> and <code>all64</code> 789settings for <code>APP_ABI</code>. 790 <ul> 791 <li><code>APP_ABI=all32</code> is equivalent to 792<code>APP_ABI=armeabi,armeabi-v7a,x86,mips</code>.</li> 793 <li><code>APP_ABI=all64</code> is equivalent to 794<code>APP_ABI=arm64-v8a,x86_64,mips64</code>.</li> 795 <li><code>APP_ABI=all</code> selects all ABIs.</li> 796 </ul> 797 <li>The new GNU libstdc++ in Android-L contains all <code><tr1/cmath></code> 798Before defining your own math function, check <code>_GLIBCXX_USE_C99_MATH_TR1</code> to see a 799function with that name already exists, in order to avoid "multiple definition" errors from the 800linker.</li> 801 <li>The cpu-features library has been updated for the ARMv8 kernel. The existing 802cpu-features library may fail to detect the presence of NEON on the ARMv8 platform. Recompile your 803code with the new version.</li> 804 </ul> 805 <li>Added a new <code>platforms/android-L/</code> API directory. It includes:</li> 806 <ul> 807 <li>Updated Bionic headers, which had not changed from Android API levels 3 808(Cupcake) to 19 (KitKat). This new version, for level L, is to be synchronized with AOSP.</li> 809 <li>New media APIs and a native-codec sample.</li> 810 <li>An updated <code>Android.h</code> header for SLES/OpenSLES, enabling support for 811single-precision, floating-point audio format in AudioPlayer.</li> 812 <li>GLES 3.1 and AEP extensions to <code>libGLESv3.so.</code></li> 813 <li>GLES2 and GLES3 headers updated to the latest official Khronos versions.</li> 814 </ul> 815 <li>Added GCC 4.9 compilers to the 32-/64-bit ABIs. GCC 4.9 is the default (only) compiler 816for 64-bit ABIs, as previously mentioned. For 32-bit ABIs, you must explcitly enable GCC 4.9, as 817GCC 4.6 is still the default.</li> 818 <ul> 819 <li>For ndk-build, enable 32-bit, GCC 4.9 building either by adding 820<code>NDK_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION=4.9</code> to <code>Application.mk</code>, or exporting it as an 821environment variable from the command line.</li> 822 <li>For a standalone toolchain, use the <code>--toolchain=</code> option in the 823<code>make-standalone-toolchain.sh</code> script. For example: <code>--toolchain=arm-linux-androideabi-4.9.</code></li> 824 </ul> 825 <li>Upgraded GDB to version 7.6 in GCC 4.8/4.9 and x86*. Since GDB is still at version GDB-7.3.x in 826GCC 4.6 (the default for ARM and MIPS), you must set 827<code>NDK_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION=4.8</code> or <code>4.9</code> to enable ndk-gdb to select GDB 7.6.</li> 828 <li>Added the <code>-mssse3</code> build option to provide SSSE3 support, and made it the default for ABI x86 829(upgrading from SSE3). The image released by Google does not contain SSSE3 instructions.</li> 830 <li>Updated GCC 4.8 to 4.8.3.</li> 831 <li>Improved ARM libc++ EH support by switching from gabi++ to libc++abi. For details, see the "C++ Support" section of the documentation. 832 Note that:</li> 833 <ul> 834 <li>All tests except for locale now pass for Clang 3.4 and GCC 4.8. For more 835information, see the "C++ Support" section of the documentation.</li> 836 <li>The libc++ libraries for X86 and MIPS libc++ still use gabi++.</li> 837 <li>GCC 4.7 and later can now use <atomic>.</li> 838 <li>You must add <code>-fno-strict-aliasing</code> if you use <code> <list></code>, because <code>__list_imp::_end</code>_ breaks 839 TBAA rules. (Issue <a href="https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=61571">61571</a>.)</li> 840 <li>As of GCC 4.6, LIBCXX_FORCE_REBUILD:=true no longer rebuilds libc++. Rebuilding it 841requires the use of a different compiler. Note that Clang 3.3 is untested.</li> 842 </ul> 843 <li>mclinker is now version 2.7, and has aarch64 Linux support.</li> 844 <li>Added precompiled header support for headers specified by <code>LOCAL_PCH</code>. (Issue <a href="http://b.android.com/25412">25412</a>).</li> 845 </dd> 846 <dl> 847 848 849 <dt>Important bug fixes:</dt> 850 <dd> 851 <ul> 852 <li>Fixed libc++ so that it now compiles <code>std::feof</code>, etc. (Issue <a 853href="http://b.android.com/66668">66668</a>).</li> 854 <li>Fixed a Clang 3.3/3.4 atomic library call that caused crashes in some of the libc++ 855tests for ABI armeabi.</li> 856 <li>Fixed Clang 3.4 crashes that were occurring on reading precompiled headers. (Issue <a 857href="http://b.android.com/66657">66657</a>).</li> 858 <li>Fixed the Clang 3.3/3.4 <code>-O3</code> assert on:</li> 859 <code>llvm-3.2/llvm/include/llvm/MDBuilder.h:64: llvm::MDNode* 860llvm::MDBuilder::createBranchWeights(llvm::ArrayRef<unsigned int>): Assertion Weights.size() >= 2 861&& "Need at least two branch weights!"</code> (Issue <a href="http://b.android.com/57381">57381</a>). 862 <li>Fixed the following Clang 3.3/3.4 crash:</li> 863 <code>Assertion failed: (!Fn && "cast failed but able to resolve overload expression!!"), function CheckCXXCStyleCast, file 864Volumes/data/ndk-toolchain/src/llvm-3.3/llvm/tools/clang/lib/Sema/SemaCast.cpp, line 2018</code>. 865(Issue <a href="http://b.android.com/66950">66950</a>). 866 </ul> 867 </dd> 868 869 <dt>Other bug fixes:</dt> 870 <dd> 871 <ul> 872 <li>Fixed headers:</li> 873 <ul> 874 <li>Fixed 32-bit <code>ssize_t</code> to be <code>int</code> instead of <code>long 875int</code>.</li> 876 <li>Fixed <code>WCHAR_MIN</code> and <code>WCHAR_MAX</code> so that they they take 877appropriate signs according to the architecture they're running on:</li> 878 <ul> 879 <li>X86/MIPS: signed. 880 <li>ARM: unsigned. 881 <li>To force X86/MIPS to default to unsigned, use 882<code>-D__WCHAR_UNSIGNED__</code>.</li> 883 <li>To force <code>wchar_t</code> to be 16 bits, use <code>-fshort-wchar</code>.</li> 884 </ul> 885 <li>Removed non-existent symbols from 32-bit <code>libc.so</code>, and added <code>pread64</code>, 886<code>pwrite64</code>, <code>ftruncate64</code> for 887Android API level 12 and higher. (Issue <a href="http://b.android.com/69319">69319</a>). For more 888information, see the commit message accompanying AOSP change list 889 <a href="https://android-review.googlesource.com/#/c/94137">94137</a>.</li> 890 </ul> 891 <li>Fixed GCC warning about redefinition of <code>putchar</code>. Warning message reads:</li> 892 <code>include/stdio.h:236:5: warning: conflicts with previous declaration here 893[-Wattributes] int putchar(int);</code> (Change list <a 894href="https://android-review.googlesource.com/#/c/91185">91185</a>). 895 <li>Fixed <code>make-standalone-toolchain.sh --stl=libc++</code> so that it:</li> 896 <ul> 897 <li>Copies <code>cxxabi.h</code>. (Issue <a 898href="http://b.android.com/68001">68001</a>).</li> 899 <li>Runs in directories other than the NDK install directory. (Issues <a 900href="http://b.android.com/67690">67690</a> and <a href="http://b.android.com/68647">68647</a>).</li> 901 </ul> 902 <li>Fixed GCC/Windows to quote arguments only when necessary for spawning processes in 903external programs. This change decreases the likelihood of exceeding the 32K length limit.</li> 904 <li>Fixed an issue that made it impossible to adjust the <code>APP_PLATFORM</code> 905environment variable.</li> 906 <li>Fixed the implementation of <code>IsSystemLibrary()</code> in crazy_linker so that it 907uses <code>strrchr()</code> 908 instead of <code>strchr()</code> to find the library path's true basename.</li> 909 <li>Fixed native-audio's inability to build in debug mode.</li> 910 <li>Fixed gdb's inability to print extreme floating-point numbers. (Issue <a 911href="http://b.android.com/69203">69203</a>).</li> 912 <li>Fixed Clang 3.4 inability to compile with <code>-Wl,-shared</code> (as opposed to 913<code>-shared</code>, which 914 had no compilation issues). The problem was that Clang added <code>-pie</code> for Android 915targets if neither <code>-shared</code> nor <code>-static</code> existed. This behavior, which was 916incorrect, caused the linker to complain that <code>-shared</code> and <code>-pie</code> could not 917co-exist.</li> 918 919 </ul> 920 </dd> 921 922 923 <dt>Other changes:</dt> 924 <dd> 925 <ul> 926 <li>Added <code>arm_neon.h</code> to the x86 toolchain so that it now emulates ~47% of 927Neon. There is currently no support for 64-bit types. For more information, see the section on ARM 928Neon intrinsics support in the x86 documentation.</li> 929 <li>Ported ARM/GOT_PREL optimization (present in GCC 4.6 built from the GCC google branch) to 930ARM GCC 4.8/4.9. This optimization sometimes reduces instruction count when accessing global 931variables. As an example, see the build.sh script in 932<code>$NDK/tests/build/b14811006-GOT_PREL-optimization/</code>.</li> 933 <li>Added ARM version for STL gabi++, stlport, and libc++. They now have both it and Thumb 934mode.</li> 935 <li>It is now possible to call the make-standalone-toolchain.sh script with 936<code>--toolchain=x86_64-linux-android-4.9</code>, which is equivalent to 937<code>--toolchain=x86_64-4.9</code>.</li> 938 </dd> 939 </ul> 940 </dl> 941 </div> 942</div> 943 944 945<div class="toggle-content closed"> 946 <p> 947 <a href="#" onclick="return toggleContent(this)"> <img 948 src="/assets/images/triangle-closed.png" class="toggle-content-img" alt="" 949 >Android NDK, Revision 9d</a> <em>(March 2014)</em> 950 </p> 951 <div class="toggle-content-toggleme"> 952 <dl> 953 <dt>Important changes:</dt> 954 <dd> 955 <ul> 956 <li>Added support for the Clang 3.4 compiler. The 957<code>NDK_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION=clang</code> option now picks Clang 3.4. GCC 4.6 is 958still the default compiler.</li> 959 <li>Added <code>APP_ABI=armeabi-v7a-hard</code>, with 960additional multilib option <code>-mfloat-abi=hard</code>. These options are for 961use with ARM GCC 4.6/4.8 and Clang 3.3/3.4 (which use 4.8's assembler, linker, 962and libs). When using these options, note the following changes:</li> 963 <ul> 964 <li> When executing the <code>ndk-build</code> script, add the 965following options for armeabi-v7a target: 966<pre>TARGET_CFLAGS += -mhard-float -D_NDK_MATH_NO_SOFTFP=1 967TARGET_LDFLAGS += -Wl,--no-warn-mismatch -lm_hard</pre> 968The built library is copied to <code>libs/armeabi-v7a</code>. For make to 969behave as expected, you cannot specify both <code>armeabi-v7a</code> and 970<code>armeabi-v7a-hard</code> as make targets (i.e., on the APP_ABI= line). 971Doing so causes one of them to be ignored. Note that <code>APP_ABI=all</code> 972is still equivalent to 973<code>armeabi armeabi-v7a x86 mips</code>.</li> 974 <li>The <code>make-standalone-toolchain.sh</code> script copies 975additional libaries under <code>/hard</code> directories. 976 Add the above <code>CFLAGS</code> and <code>LFLAGS</code> to your 977makefile to enable GCC or Clang to link with 978 libraries in <code>/hard</code>.</li> 979 </ul> 980 <li>Added the yasm assembler, as well as <code>LOCAL_ASMFLAGS</code> 981and <code>EXPORT_ASMFLAGS</code> flags for x86 982targets. The <code>ndk-build</code> script uses 983<code>prebuilts/*/bin/yasm*</code> to build <code>LOCAL_SRC_FILES</code> that 984have the <code>.asm</code> extension.</li> 985 <li>Updated MClinker to 2.6.0, which adds <code>-gc-sections</code> 986support.</li> 987 <li>Added experimental libc++ support (upstream r201101). Use this new 988feature by following these steps: 989 <ul> 990 <li>Add <code>APP_STL := c++_static</code> or <code>APP_STL := 991c++_shared</code> in <code>Application.mk</code>. 992 You may rebuild from source via <code>LIBCXX_FORCE_REBUILD := 993true</code></li> 994 <li>Execute <code>make-standalone-toolchain.sh --stl=libc++</code> 995to create a standalone toolchain with libc++ headers/lib.</li> 996 </ul> 997 For more information, see 998<code>CPLUSPLUS-SUPPORT.html</code>. 999(Issue <a href="http://b.android.com/36496">36496</a>)</li> 1000 </ul> 1001 </dd> 1002 <dl> 1003 <dt>Important bug fixes:</dt> 1004 <dd> 1005 <ul> 1006 <li>Fixed an uncaught throw from an unexpected 1007exception handler for GCC 4.6/4.8 ARM EABI. (GCC Issue <a 1008href="http://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=59392">59392</a>)</li> 1009 <li>Fixed GCC 4.8 so that it now correctly resolves partial 1010specialization of a template with 1011 a dependent, non-type template argument. (GCC Issue <a 1012href="http://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=59052">59052</a>)</li> 1013 <li>Added more modules to prebuilt python (Issue <a 1014href="http://b.android.com/59902">59902</a>): 1015 <ul> 1016 <li>Mac OS X: <code>zlib</code>, <code>bz2</code>, 1017<code>_curses</code>, <code>_curses_panel</code>, <code>_hashlib</code>, 1018<code>_ssl</code></li> 1019 <li>Linux: <code>zlib</code>, <code>nis</code>, 1020<code>crypt</code>, <code>_curses</code>, and <code>_curses_panel</code></li> 1021 </ul> 1022 <li>Fixed the x86 and MIPS gdbserver 1023<code>event_getmsg_helper</code>.</li> 1024 <li>Fixed numerous issues in the RenderScript NDK toolchain, including 1025issues with compatibility across older devices and C++ reflection.</li> 1026<br> 1027 </ul> 1028 </dd> 1029 1030 <dt>Other bug fixes:</dt> 1031 <dd> 1032 <ul> 1033 <li>Header fixes: 1034 <ul> 1035 <li>Fixed a missing <code>#include <sys/types.h></code> in 1036<code>android/asset_manager.h</code> for Android API level 13 and higher. 1037 (Issue <a href="http://b.android.com/64988">64988</a>)</li> 1038 <li>Fixed a missing <code>#include <stdint.h></code> in 1039<code>android/rect_manager.h</code> for Android API level 14 and higher.</li> 1040 <li>Added <code>JNICALL</code> to <code>JNI_OnLoad</code> and 1041<code>JNI_OnUnload</code> in <code>jni.h</code>. Note that <code>JNICALL</code> 1042 is defined as <code>__NDK_FPABI__</code> For more information, see 1043<code>sys/cdefs.h</code>.</li> 1044 <li>Updated the following headers so that they can be included 1045without the need to 1046manually include their dependencies (Issue <a 1047href="http://b.android.com/64679">64679</a>):</li> 1048<pre> 1049android/tts.h 1050EGL/eglext.h 1051fts.h 1052GLES/glext.h 1053GLES2/gl2ext.h 1054OMXAL/OpenMAXSL_Android.h 1055SLES/OpenSLES_Android.h 1056sys/prctl.h 1057sys/utime.h 1058</pre> 1059 <li>Added <code>sys/cachectl.h</code> for all architectures. MIPS 1060developers can now include this header instead of writing <code>#ifdef 1061__mips__</code>.</li> 1062 <li></code>Fixed <code>platforms/android-18/include/android/input.h 1063</code> by adding <code>__NDK_FPABI__</code> to functions taking or returning 1064float or double values.</li> 1065 <li>Fixed MIPS <code>struct stat</code>, which was incorrectly set 1066to its 64-bit counterpart for Android API level 12 and later. This wrong 1067setting was a 1068regression introduced in release r9c.</li> 1069 <li>Defined <code>__PTHREAD_MUTEX_INIT_VALUE</code>, 1070<code>__PTHREAD_RECURSIVE_MUTEX_INIT_VALUE</code>, 1071 and <code>__PTHREAD_ERRORCHECK_MUTEX_INIT_VALUE</code> for Android API 1072level 9 and lower.</li> 1073 <li>Added <code>scalbln</code>, <code>scalblnf</code>, and 1074<code>scalblnl</code> to x86 <code>libm.so</code> for APIs 18 and later.</li> 1075 <li>Fixed a typo in 1076<code>sources/android/support/include/iconv.h</code>. 1077 (Issue <a href="http://b.android.com/63806">63806</a>)</li> 1078 1079 </ul> 1080 </li> 1081 <li>Fixed gabi++ <code>std::unexpected()</code> to call 1082<code>std::terminate()</code> so that 1083 a user-defined <code>std::terminate()</code> handler has a chance to run. 1084</li> 1085 <li>Fixed gabi++ to catch <code>std::nullptr</code>.</li> 1086 <li>Fixed samples Teapot and MoreTeapots: 1087 <ul> 1088 <li>Solved a problem with Tegra 2 and 3 chips by changing specular 1089variables to use medium precision. Values for specular power can now be less 1090than 1.0. </li> 1091 <li>Changed the samples so that pressing the volume button restores 1092immersive mode and invalidates 1093<code>SYSTEM_UI_FLAG_IMMERSIVE_STICKY</code>. Screen rotation does not 1094trigger <code>onSystemUiVisibilityChange</code>, and so does not restore 1095immersive mode.</li> 1096 </ul> 1097 </li> 1098 <li>Fixed the <code>ndk-build</code> script to add 1099<code>-rpath-link=$SYSROOT/usr/lib</code> and 1100<code>-rpath-link=$TARGET_OUT</code> in order to use <code>ld.bfd</code> to 1101link executables. (Issue <a href="http://b.android.com/64266">64266</a>)</li> 1102 <li>Removed <code>-Bsymbolic</code> from all STL builds.</li> 1103 <li>Fixed <code>ndk-gdb-py.cmd</code> by setting <code>SHELL</code> as 1104an environment variable 1105instead of passing it to 1106 <code>python.exe</code>, which ignores the setting. 1107 (Issue <a href="http://b.android.com/63054">63054</a>)</li> 1108 <li>Fixed the <code>make-standalone-toolchain.sh</code> script so that 1109the <code>--stl=stlport</code> option copies the gabi++ headers instead of 1110symlinking them; the <code>cmd.exe</code> and MinGW shells do not understand 1111symlinks created by cygwin.</li> 1112 </ul> 1113 </dd> 1114 1115 <dt>Other changes:</dt> 1116 <dd> 1117 <ul> 1118 <li>Applied execution permissions to all <code>*cmd</code> scripts 1119previously intended for use only in the <code>cmd.exe</code> shell, in case 1120developers prefer to use <code>ndk-build.cmd</code> in cygwin instead of the 1121recommended <code>ndk-build</code> script.</li> 1122 <li>Improved the speed of the <code>make-standalone-toolchain.sh</code> 1123script by moving instead of copying if the specified destination directory does 1124not exist.</li> 1125 </dd> 1126 </ul> 1127 </dl> 1128 </div> 1129</div> 1130 1131<div class="toggle-content closed"> 1132 <p> 1133 <a href="#" onclick="return toggleContent(this)"> <img 1134 src="/assets/images/triangle-closed.png" class="toggle-content-img" alt="" 1135 >Android NDK, Revision 9c</a> <em>(December 2013)</em> 1136 </p> 1137 <div class="toggle-content-toggleme"> 1138<p>This is a bug-fix-only release.</p> 1139 <dl> 1140 <dt>Important bug fixes:</dt> 1141 <dd> 1142 <ul> 1143 <li>Fixed a problem with GCC 4.8 ARM, in which the stack pointer is 1144restored too early. This problem prevented the frame pointer from reliably 1145accessing a variable in the stack frame. (GCC Issue <a 1146href="http://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=58854">58854</a>)</li> 1147<li>Fixed a problem with GCC 4.8 libstdc++, in which a bug in 1148std::nth_element was causing generation of code that produced a random 1149segfault. (Issue <a 1150href="https://code.google.com/p/android/issues/detail?id=62910">62910</a>)</li> 1151 <li>Fixed GCC 4.8 ICE in cc1/cc1plus with 1152<code>-fuse-ld=mcld</code>, so that the following error no longer occurs: 1153<pre>cc1: internal compiler error: in common_handle_option, at 1154opts.c:1774</pre></li> 1155 <li>Fixed <code>-mhard-float</code> support for 1156<code>__builtin</code> math functions. For ongoing information on fixes for 1157<code>-mhard-float</code> with STL, please follow Issue <a 1158href="http://b.android.com/61784">61784</a>.</li> 1159 </ul> 1160 </dd> 1161 1162 <dt>Other bug fixes:</dt> 1163 <dd> 1164 <ul> 1165 <li>Header fixes: 1166 <ul> 1167 <li>Changed prototype of <code>poll</code> to <code>poll(struct 1168pollfd *, nfds_t, int);</code> in <code>poll.h</code>.</li> 1169 <li>Added <code>utimensat</code> to <code>libc.so</code> for Android 1170API levels 12 and 19. These libraries are now included for all Android API 1171levels 12 through 19.</li> 1172<li>Introduced <code>futimens</code> into <code>libc.so</code>, for Android API 1173level 19.</li> 1174<li>Added missing <code>clock_settime()</code> and 1175<code>clock_nanosleep()</code> to <code>time.h</code> for Android API level 8 1176and higher.</li> 1177<li>Added <code>CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW, CLOCK_REALTIME_COARSE, 1178CLOCK_MONOTONIC_COARSE, CLOCK_BOOTTIME, CLOCK_REALTIME_ALARM,</code> and 1179<code>CLOCK_BOOTTIME_ALARM</code> in <code>time.h.</code></li> 1180<li>Removed obsolete <code>CLOCK_REALTIME_HR</code> and 1181<code>CLOCK_MONOTONIC_HR.</code></li> 1182 </ul> 1183 </li> 1184 <li>In samples Teapot, MoreTeapots, and 1185<code>source/android/ndk_helper</code>: 1186 <ul> 1187<li>Changed them so that they now use a hard-float abi for armeabi-v7a.</li> 1188<li>Updated them to use immersive mode on Android API level 19 and 1189higher.</li> 1190<li>Fixed a problem with <code>Check_ReleaseStringUTFChars</code> in 1191<code>/system/lib/libdvm.so</code> that was causing crashes on x86 devices.</li> 1192 </ul> 1193 </li> 1194<li>Fixed <code>ndk-build</code> fails that happen in cygwin when the NDK 1195package is 1196referenced via symlink.</li> 1197<li>Fixed <code>ndk-build.cmd</code> fails that happen in windows 1198<code>cmd.exe</code> when 1199<code>LOCAL_SRC_FILES</code> contains absolute paths. (Issue <a 1200href="https://android-review.googlesource.com/#/c/69992">69992</a>)</li> 1201<li>Fixed the <code>ndk-stack</code> script to proceed even when it can't parse 1202a frame due to inability to find a routine, filename, or line number. In any of 1203these cases, it prints <code>??</code>.</li> 1204<li>Fixed the <code>ndk-stack</code> stack for windows-x64_64 targets so that 1205it no longer erroneously matches a frame line with a line in the 1206<code>stack:</code> section that doesn't contain <code>pc</code>, 1207<code>eip</code>, or <code>ip</code>. For example: 1208<pre>I/DEBUG ( 1151): #00 5f09db68 401f01c4 1209/system/lib/libc.so</pre></li> 1210<li>Fixed gabi++ so that it: 1211 <ul> 1212 <li>Does not use malloc() to allocate C++ thread-local 1213 objects.</li> 1214 <li>Avoids deadlocks in gabi++ in cases where libc.debug.malloc is 1215non-zero in userdebug/eng Android platform builds.</li> 1216 </ul> 1217 </ul> 1218 </dd> 1219 1220 <dt>Other changes:</dt> 1221 <dd> 1222 <ul> 1223 <li>Added <code>LOCAL_EXPORT_LDFLAGS</code>.</li> 1224<li>Introduced the <code>NDK_PROJECT_PATH=null</code> setting for use in an 1225integrated build system where options are explicitly passed to 1226<code>ndk-build</code>. With this setting, <code>ndk-build</code> makes no 1227attempt to look for <code>NDK_PROJECT_PATH.</code> This setting also prevents 1228variables from deriving default settings from NDK_PROJECT_PATH. As a result, 1229the following variables must now be explicitly specified (with their default 1230values if such exist): <code>NDK_OUT, NDK_LIBS_OUT, APP_BUILD_SCRIPT, 1231NDK_DEBUG</code> (optional, default to 0), and other <code>APP_*</code>'s 1232contained in <code>Application.mk</code>.</li> 1233<li><code>APP_ABI</code> can now be enumerated in a comma-delimited list. For 1234example: 1235<pre>APP_ABI := "armeabi,armeabi-v7a"</pre></li> 1236<li>Provided the ability to rebuild all of STL with debugging info in an 1237optional, separate package called 1238<code>android-ndk-r9c-cxx-stl-libs-with-debugging-info.zip</code>, using the 1239<code>-g</code> option. This option 1240helps the <code>ndk-stack</code> script provide better a stack dump across STL. 1241This change should not affect the code/size of the final, stripped file.</li> 1242<li>Enhanced <code>hello-jni</code> samples to report <code>APP_ABI</code> at 1243compilation.</li> 1244<li>Used the <code>ar</code> tool in Deterministic mode (option 1245<code>-D</code>) to build static libraries. (Issue <a 1246href="http://b.android.com/60705">60705</a>)</li> 1247 </ul> 1248 </dd> 1249 1250 </dl> 1251 </div> 1252</div> 1253 1254<div class="toggle-content closed"> 1255 <p> 1256 <a href="#" onclick="return toggleContent(this)"> <img 1257 src="{@docRoot}assets/images/triangle-closed.png" class="toggle-content-img" alt="" 1258 >Android NDK, Revision 9b</a> <em>(October 2013)</em> 1259 </p> 1260 <div class="toggle-content-toggleme"> 1261 <dl> 1262 <dt>Important changes:</dt> 1263 <dd> 1264 <ul> 1265 <li>Updated {@code include/android/*h} and {@code math.h} for all Android API levels up to 1266 18, including the addition of levels 13, 15, 16 and 17. 1267 For information on added APIs, see commit messages for Changes 1268 <a href="https://android-review.googlesource.com/68012">68012</a> and 1269 <a href="https://android-review.googlesource.com/68014">68014</a>. 1270 (Issues <a href="http://b.android.com/47150">47150</a>, 1271 <a href="http://b.android.com/58528">58528</a>, and 1272 <a href="http://b.android.com/38423">38423</a>)</li> 1273 <li>Added support for Android API level 19, including Renderscript binding.</li> 1274 <li>Added support for <code>-mhard-float</code> in the existing armeabi-v7a ABI. For more 1275 information and current restrictions on Clang, see 1276 {@code tests/device/hard-float/jni/Android.mk}.</li> 1277 <li>Migrated from GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) 4.8 to 4.8.2, and added diagnostic color 1278 support. To enable diagnostic colors, set <code>-fdiagnostics-color=auto</code>, 1279 <code>-fdiagnostics-color=always,</code> or export {@code GCC_COLORS} as shown below: 1280<pre> 1281GCC_COLORS='error=01;31:warning=01;35:note=01;36:caret=01;32:locus=01:quote=01' 1282</pre> 1283 For more information, see 1284 <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Language-Independent-Options.html">GCC 1285 Language Independent Options</a>. 1286 </li> 1287 <li>Added two new samples to demonstrate OpenGL ES 3.0 features: Teapot and MoreTeapots. 1288 These samples run on devices with Android 4.1 (API level 16) and higher.</li> 1289 <li>Deprecated GCC 4.7 and Clang 3.2 support, which will be removed in the next 1290 release.</li> 1291 </ul> 1292 </dd> 1293 1294 <dt>Important bug fixes:</dt> 1295 <dd> 1296 <ul> 1297 <li>Fixed problem with ARM GCC 4.6 {@code thumb2} failing to generate 16-bit relative jump 1298 tables. (<a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=48328">GCC Issue</a>)</li> 1299 <li>Fixed GCC 4.8 internal compiler error (ICE) on 1300 {@code g++.dg/cpp0x/lambda/lambda-defarg3.C}. 1301 (<a href="https://android-review.googlesource.com/62770">Change 62770</a>, 1302 <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc/2013-07/msg00424.html">GCC Issue</a>)</li> 1303 <li>Fixed a problem with Windows 32-bit {@code *-gdb.exe} executables failing to launch. 1304 (<a href="http://b.android.com/58975">Issue 58975</a>)</li> 1305 <li>Fixed GCC 4.8 ICE when building bullet library. The error message is as follows: 1306 <pre>internal compiler error: verify_flow_info failed</pre> 1307 (<a href="http://b.android.com/58916">Issue 58916</a>, 1308 <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=58165">GCC Issue</a>)</li> 1309 <li>Modified GDB/ARM build to skip {@code ARM.exidx} data for unwinding in prologue code and 1310 added a command ({@code set arm exidx-unwinding}) to control exidx-based stack unwinding. 1311 (<a href="http://b.android.com/55826">Issue 55826</a>)</li> 1312 <li>Fixed Clang 3.3 MIPS compiler problem where HI and LO registers are incorrectly 1313 reused.</li> 1314 <li>Fixed issue with MIPS 4.7 ICE in {@code dbx_reg_number}. The error message is as 1315follows: 1316<pre> 1317external/icu4c/i18n/decimfmt.cpp:1322:1: 1318internal compiler error: in dbx_reg_number, at dwarf2out.c:10185 1319</pre> 1320 (<a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc-patches/2012-12/msg00830.html">GCC Patch</a>) 1321 1322 </li> 1323 1324 </ul> 1325 </dd> 1326 1327 <dt>Other bug fixes:</dt> 1328 <dd> 1329 <ul> 1330 <li>Header fixes 1331 <ul> 1332 <li>Fixed the ARM {@code WCHAR_MIN} and {@code WCHAR_MAX} to be unsigned according to 1333 spec (the X86/MIPS versions are signed). Define {@code _WCHAR_IS_ALWAYS_SIGNED} to 1334 restore old behavior. (<a href="http://b.android.com/57749">Issue 57749</a>)</li> 1335 <li>Fixed {@code include/netinet/tcp.h} to contain {@code TCP_INFO} state enum. 1336 (<a href="http://b.android.com/38881">Issue 38881</a>)</li> 1337 <li>Fixed the {@code cdefs_elh.h} macro {@code _C_LABEL_STRING} to stop generating 1338 warnings in the GCC 4.8 toolchain when using c++11 mode. 1339 (<a href="http://b.android.com/58135">Issue 58135</a>, 1340 <a href="http://b.android.com/58652">Issue 58652</a>)</li> 1341 <li>Removed non-existent functions {@code imaxabs} and {@code imaxdiv} from header 1342 {@code inttypes.h}.</li> 1343 <li>Fixed issue with {@code pthread_exit()} return values and {@code pthread_self()}. 1344 (<a href="http://b.android.com/60686">Issue 60686</a>)</li> 1345 <li>Added missing {@code mkdtemp()} function, which already exists in {@code bionic} 1346 header {@code stdlib.h}.</li> 1347 </ul> 1348 </li> 1349 <li>Fixed problem building {@code samples/gles3jni} with Clang on Android API level 11.</li> 1350 <li>Fixed MCLinker to allow multiple occurrences of the following options: 1351 {@code -gc-sections} and {@code --eh-frame-hdr}.</li> 1352 <li>Fixed MCLinker to accept the {@code --no-warn-mismatch} option.</li> 1353 <li>Modified {@code cpu-features} option to not assume all VFPv4 devices support IDIV. 1354 Now this option only adds IDIV to white-listed devices, including Nexus 4. 1355 (<a href="http://b.android.com/57637">Issue 57637</a>)</li> 1356 <li>Fixed problem with {@code android_native_app_glue.c} erroneously logging errors on event 1357 predispatch operations.</li> 1358 <li>Fixed all operations on {@code gabi++} terminate and unexpected_handler to be 1359 thread-safe.</li> 1360 <li>Fixed several issues with Clang <code>-integrated-as</code> option so it can pass 1361 tests for {@code ssax-instructions} and {@code fenv}.</li> 1362 <li>Fixed GCC 4.6/4.7/4.8 compiler to pass the linker option {@code --eh-frame-hdr} even 1363 for static executables. For more information, see the 1364 <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc-patches/2012-09/msg00969.html">GCC patch</a>.</li> 1365 <li>Fixed extra apostrophe in <code>CPU-ARCH-ABIS.html</code>. For more information, see 1366 <code>NDK-DEPENDS.html</code>. (<a href="http://b.android.com/60142">Issue 60142</a>)</li> 1367 <li>Fixed extra quotes in ndk-build output on Windows. 1368 (<a href="http://b.android.com/60649">Issue 60649</a>)</li> 1369 <li>Fixed Clang 3.3 to compile ARM's built-in, atomic operations such as 1370 {@code __atomic_fetch_add}, {@code __atomic_fetch_sub}, and {@code __atomic_fetch_or}. 1371 </li> 1372 <li>Fixed Clang 3.3 ICE with customized {@code vfprintf}. 1373 (<a href="http://llvm.org/bugs/show_bug.cgi?id=16344">Clang issue</a>) 1374 </li> 1375 </ul> 1376 </dd> 1377 1378 <dt>Other changes:</dt> 1379 <dd> 1380 <ul> 1381 <li>Enabled OpenMP for all GCC builds. To use this feature, add the following flags to your 1382 build settings: 1383<pre> 1384LOCAL_CFLAGS += -fopenmp 1385LOCAL_LDFLAGS += -fopenmp 1386</pre> 1387 For code examples, see {@code tests/device/test-openmp}</li> 1388 <li>Reduced the size of {@code ld.mcld} significantly (1.5MB vs. {@code ld.bfd} 3.5MB and 1389 {@code ld.gold} 7.5MB), resulting in a speed improvement of approximately 20%.</li> 1390 <li>Added <code>LOCAL_CONLYFLAGS</code> and <code>APP_CONLYFLAGS</code> to specify 1391 options applicable to C only but not C++. The existing <code>LOCAL_CFLAGS</code> 1392 and <code>APP_CFLAGS</code> are also used for C++ compilation (to save trouble of 1393 specifying most options twice), so options such as <code>-std=gnu99</code> may fail in 1394 g++ builds with a warning and clang++ builds with an error.</li> 1395 <li>Added {@code gabi++} array helper functions.</li> 1396 <li>Modified GCC builds so that all {@code libgcc.a} files are built with 1397 <code>-funwind-tables</code> to allow the stack to be unwound past previously blocked 1398 points, such as <code>__aeabi_idiv0</code>.</li> 1399 <li>Added Ingenic MXU support in MIPS GCC4.6/4.7/4.8 with new <code>-mmxu</code> 1400option.</li> 1401 <li>Extended MIPS GCC4.6/4.7/4.8 <code>-mldc1-sdc1</code> to control ldxc1/sdxc1 too</li> 1402 <li>Added crazy linker. For more information, see 1403 {@code sources/android/crazy_linker/README.TXT}.</li> 1404 <li>Fixed {@code bitmap-plasma} to draw to full screen rather than a 200x200 pixel 1405area.</li> 1406 <li>Reduced linux and darwin toolchain sizes by 25% by creating symlinks to identical files. 1407 </li> 1408 </ul> 1409 </dd> 1410 1411 </dl> 1412 </div> 1413</div> 1414 1415 1416<div class="toggle-content closed"> 1417 <p> 1418 <a href="#" onclick="return toggleContent(this)"> <img 1419 src="{@docRoot}assets/images/triangle-closed.png" class="toggle-content-img" alt="" 1420 >Android NDK, Revision 9</a> <em>(July 2013)</em> 1421 </p> 1422 <div class="toggle-content-toggleme"> 1423 <dl> 1424 <dt>Important changes:</dt> 1425 <dd> 1426 <ul> 1427 <li>Added support for Android 4.3 (API level 18). For more information, see 1428 {@code STABLE-APIS.html} and new code examples in {@code samples/gles3jni/README}. 1429 <li>Added headers and libraries for OpenGL ES 3.0, which is supported by Android 4.3 1430 (API level 18) and higher.</li> 1431 <li>Added GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) 4.8 compiler to the NDK. Since GCC 4.6 is still 1432 the default, you must explicitly enable this option: 1433 <ul> 1434 <li>For {@code ndk-build} builds, export {@code NDK_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION=4.8} or 1435 add it in {@code Application.mk}.</li> 1436 <li>For standalone builds, use the {@code --toolchain=} option in 1437 {@code make-standalone-toolchain.sh}, for example:<br> 1438 {@code --toolchain=arm-linux-androideabi-4.8}</li> 1439 </ul> 1440 <p class="note"><strong>Note:</strong> 1441 The {@code -Wunused-local-typedefs} option is enabled by {@code -Wall}. Be 1442 sure to add {@code __attribute__((unused))} if you use compile-time asserts like 1443 {@code sources/cxx-stl/stlport/stlport/stl/config/features.h}, line #311. For more 1444 information, see 1445 <a href="https://android-review.googlesource.com/#/c/55460">Change 55460</a></p> 1446 <p class="note"><strong>Note:</strong> 1447 In the GCC 4.7 release and later, ARM compilers generate unaligned access code by 1448 default for ARMv6 and higher build targets. You may need to add the 1449 {@code -mno-unaligned-access} build option when building for kernels that do not support 1450 this feature.</p> 1451 </li> 1452 <li>Added Clang 3.3 support. The {@code NDK_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION=clang} build option 1453 now picks Clang 3.3 by default. 1454 <p class="note"><strong>Note:</strong> 1455 Both GCC 4.4.3 and Clang 3.1 are deprecated, and will be removed from the next NDK 1456 release.</p></li> 1457 <li>Updated GNU Project Debugger (GDB) to support python 2.7.5.</li> 1458 <li>Added MCLinker to support Windows hosts. Since {@code ld.gold} 1459 is the default where available, you must add {@code -fuse-ld=mcld} in 1460 {@code LOCAL_LDFLAGS} or {@code APP_LDFLAGS} to enable MCLinker.</li> 1461 <li>Added {@code ndk-depends} tool which prints ELF library dependencies. 1462 For more information, see {@code NDK-DEPENDS.html}. 1463 (<a href="http://b.android.com/53486">Issue 53486</a>)</li> 1464 </ul> 1465 </dd> 1466 1467 <dt>Important bug fixes:</dt> 1468 <dd> 1469 <ul> 1470 <li>Fixed potential event handling issue in {@code android_native_app_glue}. 1471 (<a href="http://b.android.com/41755">Issue 41755</a>)</li> 1472 <li>Fixed ARM/GCC-4.7 build to generate sufficient alignment for NEON load and store 1473 instructions VST and VLD. 1474 (<a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=57271">GCC Issue 57271</a>)</li> 1475 <li>Fixed a GCC 4.4.3/4.6/4.7 internal compiler error (ICE) for a constant negative index 1476 value on a string literal. 1477 (<a href="http://b.android.com/54623">Issue 54623</a>)</li> 1478 <li>Fixed GCC 4.7 segmentation fault for constant initialization with an object address. 1479 (<a href="http://b.android.com/56508">Issue 56508</a>)</li> 1480 <li>Fixed GCC 4.6 ARM segmentation fault for <code>-O</code> values when using Boost 1481 1.52.0. (<a href="http://b.android.com/42891">Issue 42891</a>) 1482 <li>Fixed {@code libc.so} and {@code libc.a} to support the {@code wait4()} function. 1483 (<a href="http://b.android.com/19854">Issue 19854</a>)</li> 1484 <li>Updated the x86 libc.so and libc.a files to include the {@code clone()} 1485 function.</li> 1486 <li>Fixed {@code LOCAL_SHORT_COMMANDS} bug where the {@code linker.list} file is 1487 empty or not used.</li> 1488 <li>Fixed GCC MIPS build on Mac OS to use CFI directives, without which 1489 {@code ld.mcld --eh-frame-hdr} fails frequently.</li> 1490 <li>Fixed Clang 3.2 X86/MIPS internal compiler error in {@code llvm/lib/VMCore/Value.cpp}. 1491 (<a href="https://android-review.googlesource.com/#/c/59021">Change 59021</a>)</li> 1492 <li>Fixed GCC 4.7 64-bit Windows assembler crash. (Error: {@code out of memory allocating 1493 4294967280 bytes}).</li> 1494 <li>Updated {@code ndk-gdb} script so that the {@code --start} or {@code --launch} actions 1495 now wait for the GNU Debug Server, so that it can more reliably hit breakpoints set 1496 early in the execution path (such as breakpoints in JNI code). 1497 (<a href="http://b.android.com/41278">Issue 41278</a>) 1498 <p class="note"><strong>Note:</strong> 1499 This feature requires jdb and produces warning about pending breakpoints. 1500 Specify the {@code --nowait} option to restore previous behavior. 1501 </p> 1502 </li> 1503 <li>Fixed GDB crash when library list is empty.</li> 1504 <li>Fixed GDB crash when using a {@code stepi} command past a {@code bx pc} or 1505 {@code blx pc} Thumb instruction. 1506 (<a href="http://b.android.com/56962">Issue 56962</a>, 1507 <a href="http://b.android.com/36149">Issue 36149</a>)</li> 1508 <li>Fixed MIPS {@code gdbserver} to look for {@code DT_MIPS_RLD_MAP} instead of 1509 {@code DT_DEBUG}. (<a href="http://b.android.com/56586">Issue 56586</a>)</li> 1510 <li>Fixed a circular dependency in the ndk-build script, for example: If A->B and 1511 B->B, then B was dropped from build. 1512 (<a href="http://b.android.com/56690">Issue 56690</a>)</li> 1513 </ul> 1514 </dd> 1515 1516 <dt>Other bug fixes:</dt> 1517 <dd> 1518 <ul> 1519 <li>Fixed the {@code ndk-build} script to enable you to specify a version of Clang as a 1520 command line option (e.g., {@code NDK_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION=clang3.2}). Previously, only 1521 specifying the version as an environment variable worked.</li> 1522 <li>Fixed gabi++ size of {@code _Unwind_Exception} to be 24 for MIPS build targets when 1523 using the Clang compiler. 1524 (<a href="https://android-review.googlesource.com/#/c/54141">Change 54141</a>)</li> 1525 <li>Fixed the {@code ndk-build} script to ensure that built libraries are actually 1526 removed from projects that include prebuilt static libraries when using the 1527 {@code ndk-build clean} command. 1528 (<a href="https://android-review.googlesource.com/#/c/54461">Change 54461</a>, 1529 <a href="https://android-review.googlesource.com/#/c/54480">Change 54480</a>)</li> 1530 <li>Modified the {@code NDK_ANALYZE=1} option to be less verbose.</li> 1531 <li>Fixed {@code gnu-libstdc++/Android.mk} to include a {@code backward/} path for builds 1532 that use backward compability. 1533 (<a href="http://b.android.com/53404">Issue 53404</a>)</li> 1534 <li>Fixed a problem where {@code stlport new} sometimes returned random values.</li> 1535 <li>Fixed {@code ndk-gdb} to match the order of {@code CPU_ABIS}, not {@code APP_ABIS}. 1536 (<a href="http://b.android.com/54033">Issue 54033</a>)</li> 1537 <li>Fixed a problem where the NDK 64-bit build on MacOSX choses the wrong path for 1538 compiler. 1539 (<a href="http://b.android.com/53769">Issue 53769</a>)</li> 1540 <li>Fixed build scripts to detect 64-bit Windows Vista. 1541 (<a href="http://b.android.com/54485">Issue 54485</a>)</li> 1542 <li>Fixed x86 {@code ntonl/swap32} error: {@code invalid 'asm': operand number 1543 out of range}. 1544 (<a href="http://b.android.com/54465">Issue 54465</a>, 1545 <a href="https://android-review.googlesource.com/#/c/57242">Change 57242</a>)</li> 1546 <li>Fixed {@code ld.gold} to merge string literals.</li> 1547 <li>Fixed {@code ld.gold} to handle large symbol alignment.</li> 1548 <li>Updated {@code ld.gold} to enable the {@code --sort-section=name} option.</li> 1549 <li>Fixed GCC 4.4.3/4.6/4.7 to suppress the {@code -export-dynamic} option for 1550 statically linked programs. GCC no longer adds an {@code .interp} section for statically 1551 linked programs.</li> 1552 <li>Fixed GCC 4.4.3 {@code stlport} compilation error about inconsistent {@code typedef} 1553 of {@code _Unwind_Control_Block}. 1554 (<a href="http://b.android.com/54426">Issue 54426</a>)</li> 1555 <li>Fixed {@code awk} scripts to handle {@code AndroidManifest.xml} files created on 1556 Windows which may contain trailing {@code \r} characters and cause build errors. 1557 (<a href="http://b.android.com/42548">Issue 42548</a>)</li> 1558 <li>Fixed {@code make-standalone-toolchain.sh} to probe the {@code prebuilts/} 1559 directory to detect if the host is 32 bit or 64 bit.</li> 1560 <li>Fixed the Clang 3.2 {@code -integrated-as} option.</li> 1561 <li>Fixed the Clang 3.2 ARM EHABI compact model {@code pr1} and {@code pr2} handler data. 1562 </li> 1563 <li>Added Clang {@code -mllvm -arm-enable-ehabi} option to fix the following Clang error: 1564 <pre>clang: for the -arm-enable-ehabi option: may only occur zero or one times!</pre> 1565 </li> 1566 <li>Fixed build failure when there is no {@code uses-sdk} element in application 1567 manifest. (<a href="http://b.android.com/57015">Issue 57015</a>)</li> 1568 </ul> 1569 1570 </dd> 1571 <dt>Other changes:</dt> 1572 <dd> 1573 <ul> 1574 <li>Header Fixes 1575 <ul> 1576 <li>Modified headers to make {@code __set_errno} an inlined function, since 1577 {@code __set_errno} in {@code errno.h} is deprecated, and {@code libc.so} no longer 1578 exports it.</li> 1579 <li>Modified {@code elf.h} to include {@code stdint.h}. 1580 (<a href="http://b.android.com/55443">Issue 55443</a>)</li> 1581 <li>Fixed {@code sys/un.h} to be included independently of other headers. 1582 (<a href="http://b.android.com/53646">Issue 53646</a>)</li> 1583 <li>Fixed all of the {@code MotionEvent_getHistorical} API family to take the 1584 {@code const AInputEvent* motion_event}. 1585 (<a href="http://b.android.com/55873">Issue 55873</a>)</li> 1586 <li>Fixed {@code malloc_usable_size} to take {@code const void*}. 1587 (<a href="http://b.android.com/55725">Issue 55725</a>)</li> 1588 <li>Fixed stdint.h to be more compatible with C99. 1589 (<a href="https://android-review.googlesource.com/#/c/46821">Change 46821</a>)</li> 1590 <li>Modified {@code wchar.h} to not redefine {@code WCHAR_MAX} and 1591 {@code WCHAR_MIN}</li> 1592 <li>Fixed {@code <inttypes.h>} declaration for pointer-related {@code PRI} and 1593 {@code SCN} macros. (<a href="http://b.android.com/57218">Issue 57218</a>)</li> 1594 <li>Changed the {@code sys/cdefs.h} header so that {@code __WCHAR_TYPE__} is 32-bit 1595 for API levels less than 9, which means that {@code wchat_t} is 32-bit for all 1596 API levels. To restore the previous behavior, define the {@code _WCHAR_IS_8BIT} 1597 boolean variable. (<a href="http://b.android.com/57267">Issue 57267</a>)</li> 1598 </ul> 1599 </li> 1600 <li>Added more formatting in NDK {@code docs/} and miscellaneous documentation fixes. 1601 </li> 1602 <li>Added support for a thin archive technique when building static libraries. 1603 (<a href="http://b.android.com/40303">Issue 40303</a>)</li> 1604 <li>Updated script {@code make-standalone-toolchain.sh} to support the {@code stlport} 1605 library in addition to {@code gnustl}, when you specify the option 1606 {@code --stl=stlport}. For more information, see {@code STANDALONE-TOOLCHAIN.html}.</li> 1607 <li>Updated the {@code make-standalone-toolchain.sh} script so that the 1608 {@code --llvm-version=} option creates the {@code $TOOLCHAIN_PREFIX-clang} and 1609 {@code $TOOLCHAIN_PREFIX-clang++} scripts in addition to {@code clang} and 1610 {@code clang++}, to avoid using the host's clang and clang++ definitions by accident. 1611 </li> 1612 <li>Added two flags to re-enable two optimizations in upstream Clang but disabled in 1613 NDK for better compatibility with code compiled by GCC: 1614 <ul> 1615 <li>Added a {@code -fcxx-missing-return-semantics} flag to re-enable <em>missing 1616return 1617 semantics</em> in Clang 3.2+. Normally, all paths should terminate with a return 1618 statement for a value-returning function. If this is not the case, clang inserts 1619 an undefined instruction (or trap in debug mode) at the path without a return 1620 statement. If you are sure your code is correct, use this flag to allow the 1621 optimizer to take advantage of the undefined behavior. If you are not sure, do not 1622 use this flag. The caller may still receive a random incorrect value, but the 1623 optimizer will not exploit it and make your code harder to debug.</li> 1624 <li>Added a {@code -fglobal-ctor-const-promotion} flag to re-enable 1625 promoting global variables with static constructor to be constants. With this flag, 1626 the global variable optimization pass of LLVM tries to evaluate the global 1627 variables with static constructors and promote them to global constants. Although 1628 this optimization is correct, it may cause some incompatability with code compiled 1629 by GCC. For example, code may do {@code const_cast} to cast the constant to mutable 1630 and modify it. In GCC, the variable is in read-write and the code is run by 1631 accident. In Clang, the const variable is in read-only memory and may cause your 1632 application to crash.</li> 1633 </ul> 1634 </li> 1635 <li>Added {@code -mldc1-sdc1} to the MIPS GCC and Clang compilers. By default, compilers 1636 align 8-byte objects properly and emit the {@code ldc1} and {@code sdc1} instructions 1637 to move them around. If your app uses a custom allocator that does not always align 1638 with a new object's 8-byte boundary in the same way as the default allocator, your app 1639 may crash due to {@code ldc1} and {@code sdc1} operations on unaligned memory. In this 1640 case, use the {@code -mno-ldc1-sdc1} flag to workaround the problem.</li> 1641 <li>Downgraded the event severity from warning to info if {@code APP_PLATFORM_LEVEL} is 1642 larger than {@code APP_MIN_PLATFORM_LEVEL}. The {@code APP_PLATFORM_LEVEL} may be lower 1643 than {@code APP_PLATFORM} in {@code jni/Application.mk} because the NDK does not have 1644 headers for all levels. In this case, the actual level is shifted downwards. The 1645 {@code APP_MIN_PLATFORM_LEVEL} is specified by the {@code android:minSdkVersion} in 1646 your application's manifest. 1647 (<a href="http://b.android.com/39752">Issue 39752</a>)</li> 1648 <li>Added the {@code android_getCpuIdArm()} and {@code android_setCpuArm()} methods to 1649 {@code cpu-features.c}. This addition enables easier retrieval of the ARM CPUID 1650 information. (<a href="http://b.android.com/53689">Issue 53689</a>)</li> 1651 <li>Modified {@code ndk-build} to use GCC 4.7's {@code as/ld} for Clang compiling. 1652 <p class="note"><strong>Note:</strong> 1653 In GCC 4.7, {@code monotonic_clock} and {@code is_monotonic} have been renamed to 1654 {@code steady_clock} and {@code is_steady}, respectively.</p></li> 1655 <li>Added the following new warnings to the {@code ndk-build} script: 1656 <ul> 1657 <li>Added warnings if {@code LOCAL_LDLIBS/LDFLAGS} are used in static library 1658 modules.</li> 1659 <li>Added a warning if a configuration has no module to build.</li> 1660 <li>Added a warning for non-system libraries being used in 1661 {@code LOCAL_LDLIBS/LDFLAGS} of a shared library or executable modules.</li> 1662 </ul> 1663 </li> 1664 <li>Updated build scripts, so that if {@code APP_MODULES} is not defined and only static 1665 libraries are listed in {@code Android.mk}, the script force-builds all of them. 1666 (<a href="http://b.android.com/53502">Issue 53502</a>)</li> 1667 <li>Updated {@code ndk-build} to support absolute paths in {@code LOCAL_SRC_FILES}.</li> 1668 <li>Removed the {@code *-gdbtui} executables, which are duplicates of the {@code *-gdb} 1669 executables with the {@code -tui} option enabled.</li> 1670 <li>Updated the build scripts to warn you when the Edison Design Group (EDG) compiler 1671 front-end turns {@code _STLP_HAS_INCLUDE_NEXT} back on. 1672 (<a href="http://b.android.com/53646">Issue 53646</a>)</li> 1673 <li>Added the environment variable {@code NDK_LIBS_OUT} to allow overriding of the 1674 path for {@code libraries/gdbserver} from the default {@code $PROJECT/libs}. 1675 For more information, see {@code OVERVIEW.html}.</li> 1676 <li>Changed ndk-build script defaults to compile code with format string protection 1677 {@code -Wformat -Werror=format-security}. You may set 1678 {@code LOCAL_DISABLE_FORMAT_STRING_CHECKS=true} to disable it. 1679 For more information, see {@code ANDROID-MK.html}</li> 1680 <li>Added STL pretty-print support in {@code ndk-gdb-py}. For more information, see 1681 {@code NDK-GDB.html}.</li> 1682 <li>Added tests based on the googletest frameworks.</li> 1683 <li>Added a notification to the toolchain build script that warns you if the current shell 1684 is not {@code bash}.</li> 1685 </ul> 1686 </dd> 1687 </dl> 1688 </div> 1689</div> 1690 1691 1692<div class="toggle-content closed"> 1693 <p><a href="#" onclick="return toggleContent(this)"> 1694 <img src="{@docRoot}assets/images/triangle-closed.png" class="toggle-content-img" 1695 alt="">Android NDK, Revision 8e</a> <em>(March 2013)</em> 1696 </p> 1697 1698 <div class="toggle-content-toggleme"> 1699 <dl> 1700 <dt>Important changes:</dt> 1701 <dd> 1702 <ul> 1703 <li>Added 64-bit host toolchain set (package name suffix {@code *-x86_64.*}). For more 1704 information, see {@code CHANGES.HTML} and {@code NDK-BUILD.html}.</li> 1705 <li>Added Clang 3.2 compiler. GCC 4.6 is still the default. For information on using the 1706 Clang compiler, see {@code CHANGES.HTML}.</li> 1707 <li>Added static code analyzer for Linux/MacOSX hosts. For information on using the 1708 analyzer, see {@code CHANGES.HTML}.</li> 1709 <li>Added MCLinker for Linux/MacOSX hosts as an experimental feature. The {@code ld.gold} 1710 linker is the default where available, so you must explicitly enable it. For more 1711 information, see {@code CHANGES.HTML}.</li> 1712 <li>Updated ndk-build to use topological sort for module dependencies, which means the 1713 build automatically sorts out the order of libraries specified in 1714 {@code LOCAL_STATIC_LIBRARIES}, {@code LOCAL_WHOLE_STATIC_LIBRARIES} and 1715 {@code LOCAL_SHARED_LIBRARIES}. For more information, see {@code CHANGES.HTML}. 1716 (<a href="http://b.android.com/39378">Issue 39378</a>)</li> 1717 </ul> 1718 </dd> 1719 1720 <dt>Important bug fixes:</dt> 1721 <dd> 1722 <ul> 1723 <li>Fixed build script to build all toolchains in {@code -O2}. Toolchains in previous 1724 releases were incorrectly built without optimization.</li> 1725 <li>Fixed build script which unconditionally builds Clang/llvm for MacOSX in 64-bit.</li> 1726 <li>Fixed GCC 4.6/4.7 internal compiler error: 1727 {@code gen_thumb_movhi_clobber at config/arm/arm.md:5832}. 1728 (<a href="http://b.android.com/52732">Issue 52732</a>)</li> 1729 <li>Fixed build problem where GCC/ARM 4.6/4.7 fails to link code using 64-bit atomic 1730 built-in functions. 1731 (<a href="http://b.android.com/41297">Issue 41297</a>)</li> 1732 <li>Fixed GCC 4.7 linker DIV usage mismatch errors. 1733 (<a href="http://sourceware.org/ml/binutils/2012-12/msg00202.html">Sourceware Issue</a>) 1734 <li>Fixed GCC 4.7 internal compiler error {@code build_data_member_initialization, at 1735 cp/semantics.c:5790}.</li> 1736 <li>Fixed GCC 4.7 internal compiler error {@code redirect_eh_edge_1, at tree-eh.c:2214}. 1737 (<a href="http://b.android.com/52909">Issue 52909</a>)</li> 1738 <li>Fixed a GCC 4.7 segfault. 1739 (<a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=55245">GCC Issue</a>)</li> 1740 <li>Fixed {@code <chrono>} clock resolution and enabled {@code steady_clock}. 1741 (<a href="http://b.android.com/39680">Issue 39680</a>)</li> 1742 <li>Fixed toolchain to enable {@code _GLIBCXX_HAS_GTHREADS} for GCC 4.7 libstdc++. 1743 (<a href="http://b.android.com/41770">Issue 41770</a>, 1744 <a href="http://b.android.com/41859">Issue 41859</a>)</li> 1745 <li>Fixed problem with the X86 MXX/SSE code failing to link due to missing 1746 {@code posix_memalign}. 1747 (<a href="https://android-review.googlesource.com/#/c/51872">Change 51872</a>)</li> 1748 <li>Fixed GCC4.7/X86 segmentation fault in {@code i386.c}, function 1749 {@code distance_non_agu_define_in_bb()}. 1750 (<a href="https://android-review.googlesource.com/#/c/50383">Change 50383</a>)</li> 1751 <li>Fixed GCC4.7/X86 to restore earlier {@code cmov} behavior. 1752 (<a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs?view=revision&revision=193554">GCC Issue</a>)</li> 1753 <li>Fixed handling NULL return value of {@code setlocale()} in libstdc++/GCC4.7. 1754 (<a href="http://b.android.com/46718">Issue 46718</a>) 1755 <li>Fixed {@code ld.gold} runtime undefined reference to {@code __exidx_start} and 1756 {@code __exidx_start_end}. 1757 (<a href="https://android-review.googlesource.com/#/c/52134">Change 52134</a>)</li> 1758 <li>Fixed Clang 3.1 internal compiler error when using Eigen library. 1759 (<a href="http://b.android.com/41246">Issue 41246</a>)</li> 1760 <li>Fixed Clang 3.1 internal compiler error including {@code <chrono>} in C++11 1761mode. 1762 (<a href="http://b.android.com/39600">Issue 39600</a>)</li> 1763 <li>Fixed Clang 3.1 internal compiler error when generating object code for a method 1764 call to a uniform initialized {@code rvalue}. 1765 (<a href="http://b.android.com/41387">Issue 41387</a>)</li> 1766 <li>Fixed Clang 3.1/X86 stack realignment. 1767 (<a href="https://android-review.googlesource.com/#/c/52154">Change 52154</a>)</li> 1768 <li>Fixed problem with GNU Debugger (GDB) SIGILL when debugging on Android 4.1.2. 1769 (<a href="http://b.android.com/40941">Issue 40941</a>)</li> 1770 <li>Fixed problem where GDB cannot set {@code source:line} breakpoints when symbols 1771contain 1772 long, indirect file paths. 1773 (<a href="http://b.android.com/42448">Issue 42448</a>)</li> 1774 <li>Fixed GDB {@code read_program_header} for MIPS PIE executables. 1775 (<a href="https://android-review.googlesource.com/#/c/49592">Change 49592</a>)</li> 1776 <li>Fixed {@code STLport} segmentation fault in {@code uncaught_exception()}. 1777 (<a href="https://android-review.googlesource.com/#/c/50236">Change 50236</a>)</li> 1778 <li>Fixed {@code STLport} bus error in exception handling due to unaligned access of 1779 {@code DW_EH_PE_udata2}, {@code DW_EH_PE_udata4}, and {@code DW_EH_PE_udata8}.</li> 1780 <li>Fixed Gabi++ infinite recursion problem with {@code nothrow new[]} operator. 1781 (<a href="http://b.android.com/52833">Issue 52833</a>)</li> 1782 <li>Fixed Gabi++ wrong offset to exception handler pointer. 1783 (<a href="https://android-review.googlesource.com/#/c/53446">Change 53446</a>)</li> 1784 <li>Removed Gabi++ redundant free on exception object 1785 (<a href="https://android-review.googlesource.com/#/c/53447">Change 53447</a>)</li> 1786 </ul> 1787 </dd> 1788 1789 <dt>Other bug fixes:</dt> 1790 <dd> 1791 <ul> 1792 <li>Fixed NDK headers: 1793 <ul> 1794 <li>Removed redundant definitions of {@code size_t}, {@code ssize_t}, and 1795 {@code ptrdiff_t}.</li> 1796 <li>Fixed MIPS and ARM {@code fenv.h} header.</li> 1797 <li>Fixed {@code stddef.h} to not redefine {@code offsetof} since it already exists 1798 in the toolchain.</li> 1799 <li>Fixed {@code elf.h} to contain {@code Elf32_auxv_t} and {@code Elf64_auxv_t}. 1800 (<a href="http://b.android.com/38441">Issue 38441</a>) 1801 </li> 1802 <li>Fixed the {@code #ifdef} C++ definitions in the 1803 {@code OpenSLES_AndroidConfiguration.h} header file. 1804 (<a href="http://b.android.com/53163">Issue 53163</a>) 1805 </li> 1806 </ul> 1807 </li> 1808 <li>Fixed {@code STLport} to abort after out of memory error instead of silently exiting. 1809 </li> 1810 <li>Fixed system and Gabi++ headers to be able to compile with API level 8 and lower.</li> 1811 <li>Fixed {@code cpufeatures} to not parse {@code /proc/self/auxv}. 1812 (<a href="http://b.android.com/43055">Issue 43055</a>)</li> 1813 <li>Fixed {@code ld.gold} to not depend on host libstdc++ and on Windows platforms, 1814 to not depend on the {@code libgcc_sjlj_1.dll} library.</li> 1815 <li>Fixed Clang 3.1 which emits inconsistent register list in {@code .vsave} and fails 1816 assembler. 1817 (<a href="https://android-review.googlesource.com/#/c/49930">Change 49930</a>)</li> 1818 <li>Fixed Clang 3.1 to be able to compile libgabi++ and pass the {@code test-stlport} 1819 tests for MIPS build targets. 1820 (<a href="https://android-review.googlesource.com/#/c/51961">Change 51961</a>)</li> 1821 <li>Fixed Clang 3.1 to only enable exception by default for C++, not for C.</li> 1822 <li>Fixed several issues in Clang 3.1 to pass most GNU exception tests.</li> 1823 <li>Fixed scripts {@code clang} and {@code clang++} in standalone NDK compiler to detect 1824 {@code -cc1} and to not specify {@code -target} when found.</li> 1825 <li>Fixed {@code ndk-build} to observe {@code NDK_APP_OUT} set in {@code Application.mk}. 1826 </li> 1827 <li>Fixed X86 {@code libc.so} and {@code lib.a} which were missing the {@code sigsetjmp} 1828 and {@code siglongjmp} functions already declared in {@code setjmp.h}. 1829 (<a href="http://b.android.com/19851">Issue 19851</a>)</li> 1830 <li>Patched GCC 4.4.3/4.6/4.7 libstdc++ to work with Clang in C++ 11. 1831 (<a href="http://clang.llvm.org/cxx_status.html">Clang Issue</a>)</li> 1832 <li>Fixed cygwin path in argument passed to {@code HOST_AWK}.</li> 1833 <li>Fixed {@code ndk-build} script warning in windows when running from project's JNI 1834 directory. 1835 (<a href="http://b.android.com/40192">Issue 40192</a>)</li> 1836 <li>Fixed problem where the {@code ndk-build} script does not build if makefile has 1837 trailing whitespace in the {@code LOCAL_PATH} definition. 1838 (<a href="http://b.android.com/42841">Issue 42841</a>)</li> 1839 </ul> 1840 </dd> 1841 1842 <dt>Other changes:</dt> 1843 <dd> 1844 <ul> 1845 <li>Enabled threading support in GCC/MIPS toolchain.</li> 1846 <li>Updated GCC exception handling helpers {@code __cxa_begin_cleanup} and 1847 {@code __cxa_type_match} to have <em>default</em> visibility from the previous 1848 <em>hidden</em> visibility in GNU libstdc++. For more information, see 1849 {@code CHANGES.HTML}.</li> 1850 <li>Updated build scripts so that Gabi++ and STLport static libraries are now built with 1851 hidden visibility except for exception handling helpers.</li> 1852 <li>Updated build so that {@code STLport} is built for ARM in Thumb mode.</li> 1853 <li>Added support for {@code std::set_new_handler} in Gabi++. 1854 (<a href="http://b.android.com/52805">Issue 52805</a>)</li> 1855 <li>Enabled {@code FUTEX} system call in GNU libstdc++.</li> 1856 <li>Updated {@code ndk-build} so that it no longer copies prebuilt static library to 1857 a project's {@code obj/local/<abi>/} directory. 1858 (<a href="http://b.android.com/40302">Issue 40302</a>)</li> 1859 <li>Removed {@code __ARM_ARCH_5*__} from ARM {@code toolchains/*/setup.mk} script. 1860 (<a href="http://b.android.com/21132">Issue 21132</a>)</li> 1861 <li>Built additional GNU libstdc++ libraries in thumb for ARM.</li> 1862 <li>Enabled MIPS floating-point {@code madd/msub/nmadd/nmsub/recip/rsqrt} 1863 instructions with 32-bit FPU.</li> 1864 <li>Enabled graphite loop optimizer in GCC 4.6 and 4.7 to allow more optimizations: 1865 {@code -fgraphite}, {@code -fgraphite-identity}, {@code -floop-block}, {@code 1866-floop-flatten}, 1867 {@code -floop-interchange}, {@code -floop-strip-mine}, {@code -floop-parallelize-all}, 1868 and {@code -ftree-loop-linear}. 1869 (<a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Optimize-Options.html">info</a>)</li> 1870 <li>Enabled {@code polly} for Clang 3.1 on Linux and Max OS X 32-bit hosts which analyzes 1871 and optimizes memory access. (<a href="http://polly.llvm.org">info</a>)</li> 1872 <li>Enabled {@code -flto} in GCC 4.7, 4.6, Clang 3.2 and Clang 3.1 on linux (Clang LTO 1873 via LLVMgold.so). MIPS compiler targets are not supported because {@code ld.gold} 1874 is not available.</li> 1875 <li>Enabled {@code --plugin} and {@code --plugin-opt} for {@code ld.gold} in GCC 4.6/4.7. 1876 </li> 1877 <li>Enabled {@code --text-reorder} for {@code ld.gold} in GCC 4.7.</li> 1878 <li>Configured GNU libstdc++ with {@code _GLIBCXX_USE_C99_MATH} which undefines the 1879 {@code isinf} script in the bionic header. For more information, see 1880 {@code CHANGES.html}.</li> 1881 <li>Added {@code APP_LDFLAGS} to the build scripts. For more information, see 1882 {@code ANDROID-MK.html}.</li> 1883 <li>Updated build scripts to allow {@code NDK_LOG=0} to disable the {@code NDK_LOG}.</li> 1884 <li>Updated build scripts to allow {@code NDK_HOST_32BIT=0} to disable the host developer 1885 environment 32-bit toolchain.</li> 1886 <li>Changed the default GCC/X86 flags {@code -march=} and {@code -mtune=} from 1887 {@code pentiumpro} and {@code generic} to {@code i686} and {@code atom}.</li> 1888 <li>Enhanced toolchain build scripts: 1889 <ul> 1890 <li>Fixed a race condition in {@code build-gcc.sh} for the {@code mingw} build type 1891 which was preventing a significant amount of parallel build processing.</li> 1892 <li>Updated {@code build-gabi++.sh} and {@code build-stlport.sh} so they can now run 1893 from the NDK package. 1894 (<a href="http://b.android.com/52835">Issue 52835</a>) 1895 </li> 1896 <li>Fixed {@code run-tests.sh} in the {@code MSys} utilities collection.</li> 1897 <li>Improved 64-bit host toolchain and Canadian Cross build support.</li> 1898 <li>Updated {@code build-mingw64-toolchain.sh} script to more recent version.</li> 1899 <li>Added option to build {@code libgnustl_static.a} and {@code stlport_static.a} 1900 without hidden visibility.</li> 1901 </ul> 1902 </li> 1903 </ul> 1904 1905 </dd> 1906 </dl> 1907 </div> 1908</div> 1909 1910 1911<div class="toggle-content closed"> 1912 <p><a href="#" onclick="return toggleContent(this)"> 1913 <img src="{@docRoot}assets/images/triangle-closed.png" class="toggle-content-img" 1914 alt="">Android NDK, Revision 8d</a> <em>(December 2012)</em> 1915 </p> 1916 1917 <div class="toggle-content-toggleme"> 1918 <dl> 1919 <dt>Important changes:</dt> 1920 <dd> 1921 <ul> 1922 <li>Added the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) 4.7 compiler to the NDK. The GCC 4.6 compiler 1923 is still the default, so you must to explicitly enable the new version as follows: 1924 <ul> 1925 <li>For {@code ndk-build}, export the {@code NDK_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION=4.7} variable 1926 <em>or</em> add it to {@code Application.mk}.</li> 1927 <li>For standalone builds, add the {@code --toolchain=} option to 1928 {@code make-standalone-toolchain.sh}, for example: 1929 <pre>--toolchain=arm-linux-androideabi-4.7</pre></li> 1930 </ul> 1931 <p class="note"> 1932 <strong>Note:</strong> This feature is experimental. Please try it and 1933 <a href="http://code.google.com/p/android/issues/list">report any issues</a>.</p> 1934 </li> 1935 <li>Added {@code stlport} exception support via gabi++. Note that the new gabi++ 1936 depends on {@code dlopen} and related code, meaning that: 1937 <ul> 1938 <li>You can no longer build a <em>static</em> executable using the {@code -static} 1939 option or include {@code libstlport_static.a} using 1940 {@code APP_STL := stlport_static}. (You can still use the {@code -static} option 1941 with a standalone toolchain.) Compiling a <em>dynamic</em> executable using 1942 {@code include $(BUILD_EXECUTABLE)} continues to work because the compiler 1943 automatically adds the {@code -ldl} option.</li> 1944 <li>If your project links using {@code -nostdlib} and {-Wl,--no-undefined}, you 1945 must manually include the {@code -ldl} option.</li> 1946 </ul> 1947 For more information, see {@code CPLUSPLUS-SUPPORT.html}. 1948 1949 <p class="note"> 1950 <strong>Note:</strong> This feature is experimental and works better with the GCC 1951 4.6/4.7 compilers than with GCC 4.4.3 or Clang 3.1. Please try it and 1952 <a href="http://code.google.com/p/android/issues/list">report any issues</a>.</p> 1953 </li> 1954 <li>Added a {@code -mstack-protector-guard=} option for x86 to choose between a 1955 <em>global</em> default path which is compatible with older Android C library (bionic) 1956 and a new <em>tls</em> path (%gs:20) for {@code -fstack-protector}, 1957 {@code -fstack-protector-all} and {@code -fstack-protector-strong} using the GCC 4.6 1958 and higher compilers. 1959 1960 <p class="note"> 1961 <strong>Note:</strong> The {@code -mstack-protector-guard} setting itself does not 1962 enable any {@code -fstack-protector*} options.</p> 1963 </li> 1964 <li>Added {@code android_setCpu()} function to 1965 {@code sources/android/cpufeatures/cpu-features.c} for use when auto-detection via 1966 {@code /proc} is not possible in Android 4.1 and higher. 1967 (<a href="http://code.google.com/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=164154">Chromium Issue 1968 164154</a>)</li> 1969 </ul> 1970 </dd> 1971 1972 <dt>Important bug fixes:</dt> 1973 <dd> 1974 <ul> 1975 <li>Fixed unnecessary rebuild of object files when using the {@code ndk-build} script. 1976 (<a href="http://b.android.com/39810">Issue 39810</a>)</li> 1977 <li>Fixed a linker failure with the NDK 8c release for Mac OS X 10.6.x that produced the 1978 following error: 1979 <pre> 1980dyld: lazy symbol binding failed: Symbol not found: _memmem 1981Referenced from: ...../arm-linux-androideabi/bin/ld 1982Expected in: /usr/lib/libSystem.B.dylib</pre> 1983 This problem was caused by building on Mac OS X 10.7, which produced binaries that were 1984 not compatible with Mac OS 10.6.x and the NDK. 1985 </li> 1986 <li>Removed the {@code -x c++} options from the Clang++ standalone build script. 1987 (<a href="http://b.android.com/39089">Issue 39089</a>)</li> 1988 <li>Fixed issues using the {@code NDK_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION=clang3.1} option in Cygwin. 1989 (<a href="http://b.android.com/39585">Issue 39585</a>)</li> 1990 <li>Fixed the {@code make-standalone-toolchain.sh} script to allow generation of a 1991 standalone toolchain using the Cygwin or MinGW environments. The resulting toolchain 1992 can be used in Cygwin, MingGW or CMD.exe environments. 1993 (<a href="http://b.android.com/39915">Issue 39915</a>, 1994 <a href="http://b.android.com/39585">Issue 39585</a>)</li> 1995 <li>Added missing {@code SL_IID_ANDROIDBUFFERQUEUESOURCE} option in android-14 builds for 1996 ARM and X86. 1997 (<a href="http://b.android.com/40625">Issue 40625</a>)</li> 1998 <li>Fixed x86 CPU detection for the {@code ANDROID_CPU_X86_FEATURE_MOVBE} feature. 1999 (<a href="http://b.android.com/39317">Issue 39317</a>)</li> 2000 <li>Fixed an issue preventing the Standard Template Library (STL) from using C++ 2001 sources that do not have a {@code .cpp} file extension.</li> 2002 <li>Fixed GCC 4.6 ARM internal compiler error <em>at reload1.c:1061</em>. 2003 (<a href="http://b.android.com/20862">Issue 20862</a>)</li> 2004 <li>Fixed GCC 4.4.3 ARM internal compiler error <em>at emit-rtl.c:1954</em>. 2005 (<a href="http://b.android.com/22336">Issue 22336</a>)</li> 2006 <li>Fixed GCC 4.4.3 ARM internal compiler error <em>at postreload.c:396</em>. 2007 (<a href="http://b.android.com/22345">Issue 22345</a>)</li> 2008 <li>Fixed problem with GCC 4.6/4.7 skipping lambda functions. 2009 (<a href="http://b.android.com/35933">Issue 35933</a>)</li> 2010 </ul> 2011 </dd> 2012 2013 <dt>Other bug fixes:</dt> 2014 <dd> 2015 <ul> 2016 <li>NDK header file fixes: 2017 <ul> 2018 <li>Fixed {@code __WINT_TYPE__} and {@code wint_t} to be the same type.</li> 2019 <li>Corrected typo in {@code android/bitmap.h}. 2020 (<a href="http://b.android.com/15134">Issue 15134</a>) 2021 </li> 2022 <li>Corrected typo in {@code errno.h}.</li> 2023 <li>Added check for the presence of {@code __STDC_VERSION__} in {@code sys/cdefs.h}. 2024 (<a href="http://b.android.com/14627">Issue 14627</a>) 2025 </li> 2026 <li>Reorganized headers in {@code byteswap.h} and {@code dirent.h}.</li> 2027 <li>Fixed {@code limits.h} to include {@code page.h} which provides {@code PAGE_SIZE} 2028 settings. 2029 (<a href="http://b.android.com/39983">Issue 39983</a>) 2030 </li> 2031 <li>Fixed return type of {@code glGetAttribLocation()} and 2032 {@code glGetUniformLocation()} from {@code int} to {@code GLint}.</li> 2033 <li>Fixed {@code __BYTE_ORDER} constant for x86 builds. 2034 (<a href="http://b.android.com/39824">Issue 39824</a>) 2035 </li> 2036 </ul> 2037 </li> 2038 <li>Fixed {@code ndk-build} script to not overwrite {@code -Os} with {@code -O2} for ARM 2039 builds.</li> 2040 <li>Fixed build scripts to allow overwriting of {@code HOST_AWK}, {@code HOST_SED}, and 2041 {@code HOST_MAKE} settings.</li> 2042 <li>Fixed issue for {@code ld.gold} on {@code fsck_msdos} builds linking objects built by 2043 the Intel C/C++ compiler (ICC).</li> 2044 <li>Fixed ARM EHABI support in Clang to conform to specifications.</li> 2045 <li>Fixed GNU Debugger (GDB) to shorten the time spent on walking the target's link map 2046 during {@code solib} events. 2047 (<a href="http://b.android.com/38402">Issue 38402</a>)</li> 2048 <li>Fixed missing {@code libgcc.a} file when linking shared libraries.</li> 2049 </ul> 2050 </dd> 2051 2052 <dt>Other changes:</dt> 2053 <dd> 2054 <ul> 2055 <li>Backported 64-bit built-in atomic functions for ARM to GCC 4.6.</li> 2056 <li>Added documentation for audio output latency, along with other documentation and 2057 fixes.</li> 2058 <li>Fixed debug builds with Clang so that non-void functions now raise a {@code SIGILL} 2059 signal for paths without a return statement.</li> 2060 <li>Updated {@code make-standalone-toolchain.sh} to accept the suffix {@code -clang3.1} 2061 which is equivalent to adding {@code --llvm-version=3.1} to the GCC 4.6 toolchain.</li> 2062 <li>Updated GCC and Clang bug report URL to: 2063 <a 2064href="http://source.android.com/source/report-bugs.html">http://source.android.com/source/report-bug 2065s.html</a></li> 2066 <li>Added ARM ELF support to {@code llvm-objdump}.</li> 2067 <li>Suppressed <em>treating c input as c++</em> warning for Clang builds.</li> 2068 <li>Updated build so that only the 32-bit version of {@code libiberty.a} is built and 2069 placed in {@code lib32/}.</li> 2070 </ul> 2071 </dd> 2072 </dl> 2073 </div> 2074</div> 2075 2076 2077<div class="toggle-content closed"> 2078 <p><a href="#" onclick="return toggleContent(this)"> 2079 <img src="{@docRoot}assets/images/triangle-closed.png" class="toggle-content-img" 2080 alt="">Android NDK, Revision 8c</a> <em>(November 2012)</em> 2081 </p> 2082 2083 <div class="toggle-content-toggleme"> 2084 <dl> 2085 <dt>Important changes:</dt> 2086 2087 <dd> 2088 <ul> 2089 <li>Added the Clang 3.1 compiler to the NDK. The GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) 4.6 is 2090 still the default, so you must explicitly enable the Clang compiler option as follows: 2091 <ul> 2092 <li>For {@code ndk-build}, export {@code NDK_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION=clang3.1} <em>or</em> 2093 add this environment variable setting to {@code Application.mk}.</li> 2094 <li>For standalone builds, add {@code --llvm-version=3.1} to 2095 {@code make-standalone-toolchain.sh} and replace {@code CC} and {@code CXX} in your 2096 makefile with {@code <tool-path>/bin/clang} and 2097 {@code <tool-path>/bin/clang++}. See {@code STANDALONE-TOOLCHAIN.html} for 2098 details.</li> 2099 </ul> 2100 <p class="note"><strong>Note:</strong> This feature is experimental. Please try it and 2101 <a href="http://code.google.com/p/android/issues/list">report any issues</a>.</p></li> 2102 <li>Added Gold linker {@code ld.gold} for the Windows toolchain. Gold linker is also the 2103 default for ARM and X86 on all hosts. You may override it to use the {@code ld.bfd} 2104 linker by adding {@code LOCAL_LDFLAGS += -fuse-ld=bfd} to {@code Android.mk}, or by 2105passing 2106 {@code -fuse-ld=bfd} to the g++/clang++ command line that does the linking.</li> 2107 <li>Added checks for spaces in the NDK path to the {@code ndk-build[.cmd]} and 2108 {@code ndk-gdb} scripts, to prevent build errors that are difficult to diagnose.</li> 2109 <li>Made the following changes to API level handling: 2110 <ul> 2111 <li>Modified build logic so that projects that specify {@code android-10} through 2112 {@code android-13} in {@code APP_PLATFORM}, {@code project.properties} or 2113 {@code default.properties} link against {@code android-9} instead of 2114 {@code android-14}. 2115 <li>Updated build so that executables using android-16 (Jelly Bean) or higher are 2116 compiled with the {@code -fPIE} option for position-independent executables (PIE). 2117 A new {@code APP_PIE} option allows you to control this behavior. See {@code 2118 APPLICATION-MK.html} for details. 2119 <p class="note"> 2120 <strong>Note:</strong> All API levels above 14 still link against {@code 2121 platforms/android-14} and no new {@code platforms/android-N} have been added. 2122 </p></li> 2123 <li>Modified {@code ndk-build} to provide warnings if the adjusted API level is larger 2124 than {@code android:minSdkVersion} in the project's {@code AndroidManifest.xml}.</li> 2125 </ul> 2126 </li> 2127 <li>Updated the {@code cpu-features} helper library to include more ARM-specific features. 2128 See {@code sources/android/cpufeatures/cpu-features.h} for details.</li> 2129 <li>Modified the long double on the X86 platform to be 8 bytes. This data type is now the 2130 same size as a double, but is still treated as a distinct type.</li> 2131 <li>Updated build for {@code APP_ABI=armeabi-v7a}: 2132 <ul> 2133 <li>Modified this build type to pass the {@code -march=armv7-a} parameter 2134 to the linker. This change ensures that v7-specific libraries and {@code crt*.o} are 2135 linked correctly.</li> 2136 <li>Added {@code -mfpu=vfpv3-d16} to {@code ndk-build} instead of the 2137 {@code -mfpu=vfp} option used in previous releases.</li> 2138 </ul> 2139 </li> 2140 </ul> 2141 </dd> 2142 </dl> 2143 2144 <dl> 2145 <dt>Important bug fixes:</dt> 2146 2147 <dd> 2148 <ul> 2149 <li>Fixed an issue where running {@code make-standalone-toolchain.sh} with root privileges 2150 resulted in the stand alone tool chain being inaccessible to some users. 2151 (<a href="http://b.android.com/35279">Issue 35279</a>) 2152 <ul> 2153 <li>All files and executables in the NDK release package are set to have read and 2154 execute permissions for all.</li> 2155 <li>The ownership/group of {@code libstdc++.a} is now preserved when copied.</li> 2156 </ul> 2157 </li> 2158 <li>Removed redundant {@code \r} from Windows prebuilt {@code echo.exe}. The redundant 2159 {@code \r} caused {@code gdb.setup} to fail in the GNU Debugger (GDB) because it 2160 incorrectly became part of the path. 2161 (<a href="http://b.android.com/36054">Issue 36054</a>)</li> 2162 <li>Fixed Windows parallel builds that sometimes failed due to timing issues in the 2163 {@code host-mkdir} implementation. 2164 (<a href="http://b.android.com/25875">Issue 25875</a>)</li> 2165 <li>Fixed GCC 4.4.3 GNU {@code libstdc++} to <em>not</em> merge {@code typeinfo} names by 2166 default. For more details, see 2167 {@code toolchain repo gcc/gcc-4.4.3/libstdc++-v3/libsupc++/typeinfo}. 2168 (<a href="http://b.android.com/22165">Issue 22165</a>)</li> 2169 <li>Fixed problem on {@code null} context in GCC 4.6 2170 {@code cp/mangle.c::write_unscoped_name}, where GCC may crash when the context is 2171 {@code null} and dereferenced in {@code TREE_CODE}.</li> 2172 <li>Fixed GCC 4.4.3 crashes on ARM NEON-specific type definitions for floats. 2173 (<a href="http://b.android.com/34613">Issue 34613</a>)</li> 2174 <li>Fixed the {@code STLport} internal {@code _IteWrapper::operator*()} implementation 2175 where a stale stack location holding the dereferenced value was returned and caused 2176 runtime crashes. 2177 (<a href="http://b.android.com/38630">Issue 38630</a>)</li> 2178 2179 <li>ARM-specific fixes: 2180 <ul> 2181 <li>Fixed ARM GCC 4.4.3/4.6 {@code g++} to not warn that the <em>mangling of 2182 <va_list> was changed in GCC 4.4</em>. The workaround using the 2183 {@code -Wno-psabi} switch to avoid this warning is no longer required.</li> 2184 <li>Fixed an issue when a project with {@code .arm} or {@code .neon} suffixes in 2185 {@code LOCAL_SRC_FILES} also used {@code APP_STL}. With {@code APP_STL}, the 2186 {@code ndk-build} script searches for C++ files in {@code LOCAL_SRC_FILES} before 2187 adding STL {@code header/lib} paths to compilation. Modified {@code ndk-build} to 2188 filter out {@code .arm} and {@code .neon} suffixes before the search, otherwise items 2189 in {@code LOCAL_SRC_FILES} like {@code myfile.cpp.arm.neon} won't be compiled as C++ 2190 code.</li> 2191 <li>Fixed {@code binutils-2.21/ld.bfd} to be capable of linking object from older 2192 binutils without {@code tag_FP_arch}, which was producing <em>assertion fail</em> 2193 error messages in GNU Binutils. 2194 (<a href="http://b.android.com/35209">Issue 35209</a>) 2195 </li> 2196 <li>Removed <em>Unknown EABI object attribute 44</em> warning when 2197 {@code binutils-2.19/ld} links prebuilt object by newer {@code binutils-2.21}</li> 2198 <li>Fixed an issue in GNU {@code stdc++} compilation with both {@code -mthumb} and 2199 {@code -march=armv7-a}, by modifying {@code make-standalone-toolchain.sh} to populate 2200 {@code headers/libs} in sub-directory {@code armv7-a/thumb}. 2201 (<a href="http://b.android.com/35616">Issue 35616</a>) 2202 </li> 2203 <li>Fixed <em>unresolvable R_ARM_THM_CALL relocation</em> error. 2204 (<a href="http://b.android.com/35342">Issue 35342</a>) 2205 </li> 2206 <li>Fixed internal compiler error at {@code reload1.c:3633}, caused by the ARM 2207 back-end expecting the wrong operand type when sign-extend from {@code char}. 2208 (<a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=50099">GCC Issue 50099</a>)</li> 2209 <li>Fixed internal compiler error with negative shift amount. 2210 (<a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc-patches/2011-10/msg00594.html">GCC Issue</a>)</li> 2211 </ul> 2212 </li> 2213 2214 <li>Fixed {@code -fstack-protector} for X86, which is also the default for the 2215 {@code ndk-build} x86 ABI target.</li> 2216 2217 <li>MIPS-specific fixes: 2218 <ul> 2219 <li>Fixed {@code STLport} endian-ness by setting {@code _STLP_LITTLE_ENDIAN} to 1 when 2220 compiling MIPS {@code libstlport_*}.</li> 2221 <li>Fixed GCC {@code __builtin_unreachable} issue when compiling LLVM. 2222 (<a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=54369">GCC Issue 54369</a>)</li> 2223 <li>Backported fix for {@code cc1} compile process consuming 100% CPU. 2224 (<a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=50380">GCC Issue 50380</a>)</li> 2225 </ul> 2226 </li> 2227 2228 <li>GNU Debugger-specific fixes: 2229 <ul> 2230 <li>Disabled Python support in gdb-7.x at build, otherwise the gdb-7.x configure 2231 function may pick up whatever Python version is available on the host and build 2232 {@code gdb} with a hard-wired dependency on a specific version of Python. 2233 (<a href="http://b.android.com/36120">Issue 36120</a>) 2234 </li> 2235 <li>Fixed {@code ndk-gdb} when {@code APP_ABI} contains {@code all} and matchs none 2236 of the known architectures. 2237 (<a href="http://b.android.com/35392">Issue 35392</a>) 2238 </li> 2239 <li>Fixed Windows pathname support, by keeping the {@code :} character if it looks 2240 like it could be part of a Windows path starting with a drive letter. 2241 (<a href="http://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=12843">GDB Issue 12843</a>) 2242 </li> 2243 <li>Fixed adding of hardware breakpoint support for ARM in {@code gdbserver}. 2244 (<a href="http://sourceware.org/ml/gdb-patches/2011-09/msg00200.html">GDB Issue</a>) 2245 </li> 2246 <li>Added fix to only read the current {@code solibs} when the linker is consistent. 2247 This change speeds up {@code solib} event handling. 2248 (<a href="http://b.android.com/37677">Issue 37677</a>) 2249 </li> 2250 <li>Added fix to make repeated attempts to find {@code solib} breakpoints. GDB now 2251 retries {@code enable_break()} during every call to {@code svr4_current_sos()} until 2252 it succeeds. 2253 (<a href="https://android-review.googlesource.com/#/c/43563">Change 43563</a>)</li> 2254 <li>Fixed an issue where {@code gdb} would not stop on breakpoints placed in 2255 {@code dlopen-ed} libraries. 2256 (<a href="http://b.android.com/34856">Issue 34856</a>) 2257 </li> 2258 <li>Fixed {@code SIGILL} in dynamic linker when calling {@code dlopen()}, on system 2259 where {@code /system/bin/linker} is stripped of symbols and 2260 {@code rtld_db_dlactivity()} is implemented as {@code Thumb}, due to not preserving 2261 {@code LSB} of {@code sym_addr}. 2262 (<a href="http://b.android.com/37147">Issue 37147</a>) 2263 </li> 2264 </ul> 2265 </li> 2266 </ul> 2267 </dd> 2268 </dl> 2269 2270 <dl> 2271 <dt>Other bug fixes:</dt> 2272 2273 <dd> 2274 <ul> 2275 <li>Fixed NDK headers: 2276 <ul> 2277 <li>Fixed {@code arch-mips/include/asm/*} code that was incorrectly removed from 2278 original kernel. (<a href="https://android-review.googlesource.com/#/c/43335">Change 2279 43335</a>)</li> 2280 <li>Replaced struct member data {@code __unused} with {@code __linux_unused} in 2281 {@code linux/sysctl.h} and {@code linux/icmp.h} to avoid conflict with 2282 {@code #define __unused} in {@code sys/cdefs.h}.</li> 2283 <li>Fixed {@code fenv.h} for enclosed C functions with {@code __BEGIN_DECLS} and 2284 {@code __END_DECLS}.</li> 2285 <li>Removed unimplemented functions in {@code malloc.h}.</li> 2286 <li>Fixed {@code stdint.h} defintion of {@code uint64_t} for ANSI compilers. 2287 (<a href="http://b.android.com/1952">Issue 1952</a>)</li> 2288 <li>Fixed preprocessor macros in {@code <arch>/include/machine/*}.</li> 2289 <li>Replaced {@code link.h} for MIPS with new version supporting all platforms.</li> 2290 <li>Removed {@code linux-unistd.h}</li> 2291 <li>Move GLibc-specific macros {@code LONG_LONG_MIN}, {@code LONG_LONG_MAX} and 2292 {@code ULONG_LONG_MAX} from {@code <pthread.h>} to {@code 2293<limits.h>}.</li> 2294 </ul> 2295 </li> 2296 <li>Fixed a buffer overflow in {@code ndk-stack-parser}.</li> 2297 <li>Fixed {@code _STLP_USE_EXCEPTIONS}, when not defined, to omit all declarations 2298 and uses of {@code __Named_exception}. Compiling and use of {@code __Named_exception} 2299 settings only occurs when {@code STLport} is allowed to use exceptions.</li> 2300 <li>Fixed building of Linux-only NDK packages without also building Windows code. Use the 2301 following settings to perform this type of build: 2302 <pre>./build/tools/make-release.sh --force --systems=linux-x86</pre></li> 2303 <li>Fixed {@code libc.so} so it does not export {@code atexit()} and {@code __do_handler}. 2304 These symbols are exported for ARM builds by the system version of the C library to 2305 support legacy native libraries. NDK-generated should never reference them directly. 2306 Instead, each shared library or executable should embed its own version of these symbols, 2307 provided by {@code crtbegin_*.o}. 2308 <p>If your project is linked with the {@code -nostdlib -Wl,--no-undefined} options, you 2309 must provide your own {@code __dso_handle} because {@code crtbegin_so.o} is not linked in 2310 this case. The content of {@code __dso_handle} does not matter, as shown in the following 2311 example code:</p> 2312<pre> 2313extern "C" { 2314 extern void *__dso_handle __attribute__((__visibility__ ("hidden"))); 2315 void *__dso_handle; 2316} 2317</pre> 2318 </li> 2319 <li>Fixed symbol decoder for ARM used in {@code objdump} for {@code plt} entries to 2320 generate a more readable form {@code function@plt}.</li> 2321 <li>Removed the following symbols, introduced in GCC 4.6 {@code libgcc.a}, from 2322 the X86 platform {@code libc.so} library: {@code __aeabi_idiv0}, {@code __aeabi_ldiv0}, 2323 {@code __aeabi_unwind_cpp_pr1}, and {@code __aeabi_unwind_cpp_pr2}.</li> 2324 <li>Removed unused {@code .ctors}, {@code .dtors}, and {@code .eh_frame} in MIPS 2325 {@code crt*_so.S}.</li> 2326 <li>Updated {@code ndk-gdb} so that it only takes the last line of output for 2327 {@code ndk-build} {@code DUMP_XXXX}. This change ensures that if {@code Application.mk} or 2328 {@code Android.mk} print something with {@code $(info ...)} syntax, it does not get 2329 injected into the result of {@code DUMP_XXXX}. 2330 (<a href="https://groups.google.com/d/msg/android-ndk/-/ew0lTWGr1UEJ">More info</a>)</li> 2331 </ul> 2332 </dd> 2333 </dl> 2334 2335 <dl> 2336 <dt>Other changes:</dt> 2337 2338 <dd> 2339 <ul> 2340 <li>Removed {@code arch-x86} and {@code arch-mips} headers from 2341 {@code platforms/android-[3,4,5,8]}. Those headers were incomplete, since both X86 and 2342 MIPS ABIs are only supported at API 9 or higher.</li> 2343 <li>Simplified c++ include path in standalone packages, as shown below. 2344 (<a href="http://b.android.com/35279">Issue 35279</a>) 2345<pre> 2346<path>/arm-linux-androideabi/include/c++/4.6.x-google 2347 to: 2348<path>/include/c++/4.6/ 2349</pre></li> 2350 <li>Fixed {@code ndk-build} to recognize more C++ file extensions by default: 2351 {@code .cc .cp .cxx .cpp .CPP .c++ .C}. You may still use {@code LOCAL_CPP_EXTENSION} to 2352 overwrite these extension settings.</li> 2353 <li>Fixed an issue in {@code samples/san-angeles} that caused a black screen or freeze 2354 frame on re-launch.</li> 2355 <li>Replaced deprecated APIs in NDK samples. 2356 (<a href="http://b.android.com/20017">Issue 20017</a>) 2357 <ul> 2358 <li>{@code hello-gl2} from android-5 to android-7</li> 2359 <li>{@code native-activity} from android-9 to android-10</li> 2360 <li>{@code native-audio} from android-9 to android-10</li> 2361 <li>{@code native-plasma} from android-9 to android-10</li> 2362 </ul> 2363 </li> 2364 <li>Added new branding for Android executables with a simpler scheme in section 2365 {@code .note.android.ident} (defined in {@code crtbegin_static/dynamic.o}) so that 2366 debugging tools can act accordingly. The structure member and values are defined as 2367 follows: 2368<pre> 2369static const struct { 2370 int32_t namesz; /* = 8, sizeof ("Android") */ 2371 int32_t descsz; /* = 1 * sizeof(int32_t) */ 2372 int32_t type; /* = 1, ABI_NOTETYPE */ 2373 char name[sizeof "Android"]; /* = "Android" */ 2374 int32_t android_api; /* = 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 14 */ 2375} 2376</pre> 2377 <p>The previous branding options in section {@code .note.ABI-tag} are deprecated.</p> 2378 </li> 2379 <li>Added a new script {@code run-tests-all.sh} which calls {@code run-tests.sh} and 2380 {@code standalone/run.sh} with various conditions. The script {@code run-tests.sh} runs 2381 without the {@code --abi} option, and is enhanced to compile most of the tests for all 2382 supported ABIs and run on all attached devices</li> 2383 </ul> 2384 </dd> 2385 </dl> 2386 2387 </div> 2388</div> 2389 2390<div class="toggle-content closed"> 2391 <p><a href="#" onclick="return toggleContent(this)"> 2392 <img src="{@docRoot}assets/images/triangle-closed.png" class="toggle-content-img" 2393 alt="">Android NDK, Revision 8b</a> <em>(July 2012)</em> 2394 </p> 2395 2396 <div class="toggle-content-toggleme"> 2397 <p>The main features of this release are a new GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) 4.6 toolchain and 2398GNU Debugger (GDB) 7.3.x which adds debugging support for the Android 4.1 (API Level 16) system 2399image.</p> 2400 2401 <dl> 2402 <dt>Important bug fixes:</dt> 2403 2404 <dd> 2405 <ul> 2406 <li>Fixed {@code LOCAL_SHORT_COMMANDS} issues on Mac OS, Windows Cygwin environments for 2407static libraries. List file generation is faster, and it is not regenerated to avoid repeated 2408project rebuilds.</li> 2409 <li>Fixed several issues in {@code ndk-gdb}: 2410 <ul> 2411 <li>Updated tool to pass flags {@code -e}, {@code -d} and {@code -s} to adb more 2412consistently.</li> 2413 <li>Updated tool to accept device serial names containing spaces.</li> 2414 <li>Updated tool to retrieve {@code /system/bin/link} information, so {@code gdb} on 2415the host can set a breakpoint in {@code __dl_rtld_db_dlactivity} and be aware of linker activity 2416(e.g., rescan {@code solib} symbols when {@code dlopen()} is called).</li> 2417 </ul> 2418 </li> 2419 <li>Fixed {@code ndk-build clean} on Windows, which was failing to remove 2420{@code ./libs/*/lib*.so}.</li> 2421 <li>Fixed {@code ndk-build.cmd} to return a non-zero {@code ERRORLEVEL} when {@code make} 2422fails.</li> 2423 <li>Fixed {@code libc.so} to stop incorrectly exporting the {@code __exidx_start} and 2424{@code __exidx_end} symbols.</li> 2425 <li>Fixed {@code SEGV} when unwinding the stack past {@code __libc_init} for ARM and 2426MIPS.</li> 2427 </ul> 2428 </dd> 2429 </dl> 2430 2431 <dl> 2432 <dt>Important changes:</dt> 2433 2434 <dd> 2435 <ul> 2436 <li>Added GCC 4.6 toolchain ({@code binutils} 2.21 with {@code gold} and GDB 7.3.x) to 2437co-exist with the original GCC 4.4.3 toolchain ({@code binutils} 2.19 and GDB 6.6). 2438 <ul> 2439 <li>GCC 4.6 is now the default toolchain. You may set {@code 2440NDK_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION=4.4.3} in {@code Application.mk} to select the original one.</li> 2441 <li>Support for the {@code gold} linker is only available for ARM and x86 2442architectures on Linux and Mac OS hosts. This support is disabled by default. Add {@code 2443LOCAL_LDLIBS += -fuse-ld=gold} in {@code Android.mk} to enable it.</li> 2444 <li>Programs compiled with {@code -fPIE} require the new {@code GDB} for debugging, 2445including binaries in Android 4.1 (API Level 16) system images.</li> 2446 <li>The {@code binutils} 2.21 {@code ld} tool contains back-ported fixes from 2447version 2.22: 2448 <ul> 2449 <li>Fixed {@code ld --gc-sections}, which incorrectly retains zombie references to 2450external libraries. (<a href="http://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=13177">more 2451info</a>).</li> 2452 <li>Fixed ARM {@code strip} command to preserve the original {@code p_align} and 2453{@code p_flags} in {@code GNU_RELRO} section if they are valid. Without this fix, programs 2454built with {@code -fPIE} could not be debugged. (<a 2455href="http://sourceware.org/cgi-bin/cvsweb.cgi/src/bfd/elf.c.diff?cvsroot=src&r1=1.552&r2=1.553">mor 2456e info</a>)</li> 2457 </ul> 2458 </li> 2459 <li>Disabled {@code sincos()} optimization for compatibility with older 2460 platforms.</li> 2461 </ul> 2462 </li> 2463 2464 <li>Updated build options to enable the Never eXecute (NX) bit and {@code relro}/{@code 2465bind_now} protections by default: 2466 <ul> 2467 <li>Added {@code --noexecstack} to assembler and {@code -z noexecstack} to linker 2468that provides NX protection against buffer overflow attacks by enabling NX bit on stack and 2469heap.</li> 2470 <li>Added {@code -z relro} and {@code -z now} to linker for hardening of internal 2471data sections after linking to guard against security vulnerabilities caused by memory corruption. 2472(more info: <a href="http://www.akkadia.org/drepper/nonselsec.pdf">1</a>, 2473<a href="http://tk-blog.blogspot.com/2009/02/relro-not-so-well-known-memory.html">2</a>)</li> 2474 2475 <li>These features can be disabled using the following options: 2476 <ol> 2477 <li>Disable NX protection by setting the {@code --execstack} option for the 2478assembler and {@code -z execstack} for the linker.</li> 2479 <li>Disable hardening of internal data by setting the {@code -z norelro} and 2480{@code -z lazy} options for the linker.</li> 2481 <li>Disable these protections in the NDK {@code jni/Android.mk} by setting the 2482following options: 2483<pre> 2484LOCAL_DISABLE_NO_EXECUTE=true # disable "--noexecstack" and "-z noexecstack" 2485DISABLE_RELRO=true # disable "-z relro" and "-z now" 2486</pre> 2487 </li> 2488 </ol> 2489 <p>See {@code docs/ANDROID-MK.html} for more details.</p> 2490 </li> 2491 </ul> 2492 </li> 2493 2494 <li>Added branding for Android executables with the {@code .note.ABI-tag} section (in 2495{@code crtbegin_static/dynamic.o}) so that debugging tools can act accordingly. The structure 2496member and values are defined as follows: 2497<pre> 2498static const struct { 2499 int32_t namesz; /* = 4, sizeof ("GNU") */ 2500 int32_t descsz; /* = 6 * sizeof(int32_t) */ 2501 int32_t type; /* = 1 */ 2502 char name[sizeof "GNU"]; /* = "GNU" */ 2503 int32_t os; /* = 0 */ 2504 int32_t major; /* = 2 */ 2505 int32_t minor; /* = 6 */ 2506 int32_t teeny; /* = 15 */ 2507 int32_t os_variant; /* = 1 */ 2508 int32_t android_api; /* = 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 14 */ 2509}</pre> 2510 </li> 2511 </ul> 2512 </dd> 2513 </dl> 2514 2515 <dl> 2516 <dt>Other bug fixes:</dt> 2517 2518 <dd> 2519 <ul> 2520 <li>Fixed {@code mips-linux-gnu} relocation truncated to fit {@code R_MIPS_TLS_LDM} issue. 2521 (<a href="http://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=12637">more info</a>)</li> 2522 <li>Fixed {@code ld} tool segfaults when using {@code --gc-sections}. 2523 (<a href="http://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=12845">more info</a>) 2524 </li> 2525 <li>Fixed MIPS {@code GOT_PAGE} counting issue. 2526 (<a href="http://sourceware.org/ml/binutils/2011-05/msg00198.html">more info</a>)</li> 2527 <li>Fixed follow warning symbol link for {@code mips_elf_count_got_symbols}.</li> 2528 <li>Fixed follow warning symbol link for {@code mips_elf_allocate_lazy_stub}.</li> 2529 <li>Moved MIPS {@code .dynamic} to the data segment, so that it is writable.</li> 2530 <li>Replaced hard-coded values for symbols with correct segment sizes for MIPS.</li> 2531 <li>Removed the {@code -mno-shared} option from the defaults in the MIPS toolchain. 2532The default for Android toolchain is {@code -fPIC} (or {@code -fpic} if supported). If you do not 2533explicitly specify {@code -mshared}, {@code -fpic}, {@code -fPIC}, {@code -fpie}, or {@code -fPIE}, 2534the MIPS compiler adds {@code -mno-shared} that turns off PIC. Fixed compiler not to add 2535{@code -mno-shared} in this case.</li> 2536 <li>Fixed wrong package names in samples {@code hello-jni} and {@code two-libs} so that 2537the {@code tests} project underneath it can compile.</li> 2538 </ul> 2539 </dd> 2540 </dl> 2541 2542 <dl> 2543 <dt>Other Changes:</dt> 2544 2545 <dd> 2546 <ul> 2547 <li>Changed locations of binaries: 2548 <ul> 2549 <li>Moved {@code gdbserver} from 2550{@code toolchain/<arch-os-ver>/prebuilt/gdbserver} to 2551{@code prebuilt/android-<arch>/gdbserver/gdbserver}.</li> 2552 <li>Renamed x86 toolchain prefix from {@code i686-android-linux-} to 2553{@code i686-linux-android-}.</li> 2554 <li>Moved {@code sources/cxx-stl/gnu-libstdc++/include} and {@code lib} to 2555{@code sources/cxx-stl/gnu-libstdc++/4.6} when compiled with GCC 4.6, or 2556{@code sources/cxx-stl/gnu-libstdc++/4.4.3} when compiled with GCC 4.4.3.</li> 2557 <li>Moved {@code libbfd.a} and {@code libintl.a} from {@code lib/} to {@code 2558lib32/}.</li> 2559 </ul> 2560 </li> 2561 2562 <li>Added and improved various scripts in the rebuild and test NDK toolchain: 2563 <ul> 2564 <li>Added {@code build-mingw64-toolchain.sh} to generate a new Linux-hosted toolchain 2565that generates Win32 and Win64 executables.</li> 2566 <li>Improved speed of {@code download-toolchain-sources.sh} by using the {@code 2567clone} command and only using {@code checkout} for the directories that are needed to build the NDK 2568toolchain binaries.</li> 2569 <li>Added {@code build-host-gcc.sh} and {@code build-host-gdb.sh} scripts.</li> 2570 <li>Added {@code tests/check-release.sh} to check the content of a given NDK 2571installation directory, or an existing NDK package.</li> 2572 <li>Rewrote the {@code tests/standalone/run.sh} standalone tests .</li> 2573 </ul> 2574 </li> 2575 <li>Removed {@code if_dl.h} header from all platforms and architectures. The {@code 2576AF_LINK} and {@code sockaddr_dl} elements it describes are specific to BSD (i.e., they don't exist 2577in Linux).</li> 2578 </ul> 2579 </dd> 2580 </dl> 2581 2582 </div> 2583</div> 2584 2585<div class="toggle-content closed"> 2586 <p><a href="#" onclick="return toggleContent(this)"> 2587 <img src="{@docRoot}assets/images/triangle-closed.png" class="toggle-content-img" 2588 alt="">Android NDK, Revision 8</a> <em>(May 2012)</em> 2589 </p> 2590 2591 <div class="toggle-content-toggleme"> 2592 <p>This release of the NDK includes support for MIPS ABI and a few additional fixes.</p> 2593 2594 <dl> 2595 <dt>New features:</dt> 2596 2597 <dd> 2598 <ul> 2599 <li>Added support for the MIPS ABI, which allows you to generate machine code that runs on 2600 compatible MIPS-based Android devices. Major features for MIPS include MIPS-specific 2601 toolchains, system headers, libraries and debugging support. For more details regarding 2602 MIPS support, see {@code docs/CPU-MIPS.html} in the NDK package. 2603 2604 <p>By default, code is generated for ARM-based devices. You can add {@code mips} to 2605 your {@code APP_ABI} definition in your {@code Application.mk} file to build 2606 for MIPS platforms. For example, the following line instructs {@code ndk-build} 2607 to build your code for three distinct ABIs:</p> 2608 2609 <pre>APP_ABI := armeabi armeabi-v7a <strong>mips</strong></pre> 2610 2611 <p>Unless you rely on architecture-specific assembly sources, such as ARM assembly 2612 code, you should not need to touch your {@code Android.mk} files to build MIPS 2613 machine code.</p> 2614 </li> 2615 2616 <li>You can build a standalone MIPS toolchain using the {@code --arch=mips} 2617 option when calling <code>make-standalone-toolchain.sh</code>. See 2618 {@code docs/STANDALONE-TOOLCHAIN.html} for more details. 2619 </li> 2620 </ul> 2621 2622 <p class="note"><strong>Note:</strong> To ensure that your applications are available 2623to users only if their devices are capable of running them, Google Play filters applications based 2624on the instruction set information included in your application ? no action is needed on your part 2625to enable the filtering. Additionally, the Android system itself also checks your application at 2626install time and allows the installation to continue only if the application provides a library that 2627is compiled for the device's CPU architecture.</p> 2628 </dd> 2629 2630 <dt>Important bug fixes:</dt> 2631 2632 <dd> 2633 <ul> 2634 <li>Fixed a typo in GAbi++ implementation where the result of {@code 2635 dynamic_cast<D>(b)} of base class object {@code b} to derived class {@code D} is 2636 incorrectly adjusted in the opposite direction from the base class. 2637 (<a href="http://b.android.com/28721">Issue 28721</a>) 2638 </li> 2639 <li>Fixed an issue in which {@code make-standalone-toolchain.sh} fails to copy 2640 {@code libsupc++.*}.</li> 2641 </ul> 2642 </dd> 2643 2644 <dt>Other bug fixes:</dt> 2645 2646 <dd> 2647 <ul> 2648 <li>Fixed {@code ndk-build.cmd} to ensure that {@code ndk-build.cmd} works correctly even 2649 if the user has redefined the {@code SHELL} environment variable, which may be changed 2650 when installing a variety of development tools in Windows environments. 2651 </li> 2652 </ul> 2653 </dd> 2654 </dl> 2655 </div> 2656</div> 2657 2658<div class="toggle-content closed"> 2659 <p><a href="#" onclick="return toggleContent(this)"> 2660 <img src="{@docRoot}assets/images/triangle-closed.png" class="toggle-content-img" 2661 alt="">Android NDK, Revision 7c</a> <em>(April 2012)</em> 2662 </p> 2663 2664 <div class="toggle-content-toggleme"> 2665 <p>This release of the NDK includes an important fix for Tegra2-based devices, and a few 2666additional fixes and improvements:</p> 2667 2668 <dl> 2669 <dt>Important bug fixes:</dt> 2670 2671 <dd> 2672 <ul> 2673 <li>Fixed GNU STL armeabi-v7a binaries to not crash on non-NEON 2674 devices. The files provided with NDK r7b were not configured properly, 2675 resulting in crashes on Tegra2-based devices and others when trying to use 2676 certain floating-point functions (e.g., {@code cosf}, {@code sinf}, {@code expf}).</li> 2677 </ul> 2678 </dd> 2679 2680 <dt>Important changes:</dt> 2681 2682 <dd> 2683 <ul> 2684 <li>Added support for custom output directories through the {@code NDK_OUT} 2685 environment variable. When defined, this variable is used to store all 2686 intermediate generated files, instead of {@code $PROJECT_PATH/obj}. The variable is 2687 also recognized by {@code ndk-gdb}. </li> 2688 <li>Added support for building modules with hundreds or even thousands of source 2689 files by defining {@code LOCAL_SHORT_COMMANDS} to {@code true} in your {@code Android.mk}. 2690 <p>This change forces the NDK build system to put most linker or archiver options 2691 into list files, as a work-around for command-line length limitations. 2692 See {@code docs/ANDROID-MK.html} for details.</p> 2693 </li> 2694 </ul> 2695 </dd> 2696 2697 <dt>Other bug fixes:</dt> 2698 2699 <dd> 2700 <ul> 2701 <li>Fixed {@code android_getCpuCount()} implementation in the {@code cpufeatures} 2702helper library. On certain devices, where cores are enabled dynamically by the system, the previous 2703implementation would report the total number of <em>active</em> cores the first time the function 2704was called, rather than the total number of <em>physically available</em> cores.</li> 2705 </ul> 2706 </dd> 2707 </dl> 2708 </div> 2709</div> 2710 2711 2712<div class="toggle-content closed"> 2713 <p><a href="#" onclick="return toggleContent(this)"> 2714 <img src="{@docRoot}assets/images/triangle-closed.png" class="toggle-content-img" 2715 alt="">Android NDK, Revision 7b</a> <em>(February 2012)</em> 2716 </p> 2717 2718 <div class="toggle-content-toggleme"> 2719 <p>This release of the NDK includes fixes for native Windows builds, Cygwin and many other 2720 improvements:</p> 2721 2722 <dl> 2723 <dt>Important bug fixes:</dt> 2724 2725 <dd> 2726 <ul> 2727 <li>Updated {@code sys/atomics.h} to avoid correctness issues 2728 on some multi-core ARM-based devices. Rebuild your unmodified sources with this 2729 version of the NDK and this problem should be completely eliminated. 2730 For more details, read {@code docs/ANDROID-ATOMICS.html}.</li> 2731 <li>Reverted to {@code binutils} 2.19 to fix debugging issues that 2732 appeared in NDK r7 (which switched to {@code binutils} 2.20.1).</li> 2733 <li>Fixed {@code ndk-build} on 32-bit Linux. A packaging error put a 64-bit version 2734 of the {@code awk} executable under {@code prebuilt/linux-x86/bin} in NDK r7.</li> 2735 <li>Fixed native Windows build ({@code ndk-build.cmd}). Other build modes were not 2736 affected. The fixes include: 2737 <ul> 2738 <li>Removed an infinite loop / stack overflow bug that happened when trying 2739 to call {@code ndk-build.cmd} from a directory that was <em>not</em> the top of 2740 your project path (e.g., in any sub-directory of it).</li> 2741 <li>Fixed a problem where the auto-generated dependency files were ignored. This 2742 meant that updating a header didn't trigger recompilation of sources that included 2743 it.</li> 2744 <li>Fixed a problem where special characters in files or paths, other than spaces and 2745 quotes, were not correctly handled.</li> 2746 </ul> 2747 </li> 2748 <li>Fixed the standalone toolchain to generate proper binaries when using 2749 {@code -lstdc++} (i.e., linking against the GNU {@code libstdc++} C++ runtime). You 2750 should use {@code -lgnustl_shared} if you want to link against the shared library 2751 version or {@code -lstdc++} for the static version. 2752 2753 <p>See {@code docs/STANDALONE-TOOLCHAIN.html} for more details about this fix.</p> 2754 </li> 2755 <li>Fixed {@code gnustl_shared} on Cygwin. The linker complained that it couldn't find 2756 {@code libsupc++.a} even though the file was at the right location.</li> 2757 <li>Fixed Cygwin C++ link when not using any specific C++ runtime through 2758 {@code APP_STL}.</li> 2759 </ul> 2760 </dd> 2761 </dl> 2762 2763 <dl> 2764 <dt>Other changes:</dt> 2765 2766 <dd> 2767 <ul> 2768 <li>When your application uses the GNU {@code libstdc++} runtime, the compiler will 2769 no longer forcibly enable exceptions and RTTI. This change results in smaller code. 2770 <p>If you need these features, you must do one of the following:</p> 2771 <ul> 2772 <li>Enable exceptions and/or RTTI explicitly in your modules or 2773 {@code Application.mk}. (recommended)</li> 2774 <li>Define {@code APP_GNUSTL_FORCE_CPP_FEATURES} to {@code 'exceptions'}, 2775 {@code 'rtti'} or both in your {@code Application.mk}. See 2776 {@code docs/APPLICATION-MK.html} for more details.</li> 2777 </ul> 2778 </li> 2779 <li>{@code ndk-gdb} now works properly when your application has private services 2780 running in independent processes. It debugs the main application process, instead of the 2781 first process listed by {@code ps}, which is usually a service process.</li> 2782 <li>Fixed a rare bug where NDK r7 would fail to honor the {@code LOCAL_ARM_MODE} value 2783 and always compile certain source files (but not all) to 32-bit instructions.</li> 2784 <li>{@code STLport}: Refresh the sources to match the Android platform version. This 2785 update fixes a few minor bugs: 2786 <ul> 2787 <li>Fixed instantiation of an incomplete type</li> 2788 <li>Fixed minor "==" versus "=" typo</li> 2789 <li>Used {@code memmove} instead of {@code memcpy} in {@code string::assign}</li> 2790 <li>Added better handling of {@code IsNANorINF}, {@code IsINF}, {@code IsNegNAN}, 2791 etc.</li> 2792 </ul> 2793 <p>For complete details, see the commit log.</p> 2794 </li> 2795 <li>{@code STLport}: Removed 5 unnecessary static initializers from the library.</li> 2796 <li>The GNU libstdc++ libraries for armeabi-v7a were mistakenly compiled for 2797 armeabi instead. This change had no impact on correctness, but using the right 2798 ABI should provide slightly better performance.</li> 2799 <li>The {@code cpu-features} helper library was updated to report three optional 2800 x86 CPU features ({@code SSSE3}, {@code MOVBE} and {@code POPCNT}). See 2801 {@code docs/CPU-FEATURES.html} for more details.</li> 2802 <li>{@code docs/NDK-BUILD.html} was updated to mention {@code NDK_APPLICATION_MK} instead 2803 of {@code NDK_APP_APPLICATION_MK} to select a custom {@code Application.mk} file.</li> 2804 <li>Cygwin: {@code ndk-build} no longer creates an empty "NUL" file in the current 2805 directory when invoked.</li> 2806 <li>Cygwin: Added better automatic dependency detection. In the previous version, it 2807 didn't work properly in the following cases: 2808 <ul> 2809 <li>When the Cygwin drive prefix was not {@code /cygdrive}.</li> 2810 <li>When using drive-less mounts, for example, when Cygwin would translate 2811 {@code /home} to {@code \\server\subdir} instead of {@code C:\Some\Dir}.</li> 2812 </ul> 2813 </li> 2814 <li>Cygwin: {@code ndk-build} does not try to use the native Windows tools under 2815 {@code $NDK/prebuilt/windows/bin} with certain versions of Cygwin and/or GNU Make.</li> 2816 </ul> 2817 </dd> 2818 </dl> 2819 </div> 2820</div> 2821 2822 2823<div class="toggle-content closed"> 2824 <p><a href="#" onclick="return toggleContent(this)"> 2825 <img src="{@docRoot}assets/images/triangle-closed.png" class="toggle-content-img" 2826 alt="">Android NDK, Revision 7</a> <em>(November 2011)</em> 2827 </p> 2828 2829 <div class="toggle-content-toggleme"> 2830 <p>This release of the NDK includes new features to support the Android 4.0 platform as well 2831 as many other additions and improvements:</p> 2832 2833 <dl> 2834 <dt>New features</dt> 2835 2836 <dd> 2837 <ul> 2838 <li>Added official NDK APIs for Android 4.0 (API level 14), which adds the following 2839 native features to the platform: 2840 2841 <ul> 2842 <li>Added native multimedia API based on the Khronos Group OpenMAX AL? 1.0.1 2843 standard. The new <code><OMXAL/OpenMAXAL.h></code> and 2844 <code><OMXAL/OpenMAXAL_Android.h></code> headers allow applications targeting 2845 API level 14 to perform multimedia output directly from native code by using a new 2846 Android-specific buffer queue interface. For more details, see 2847 <code>docs/openmaxal/index.html</code> and <a href= 2848 "http://www.khronos.org/openmax/">http://www.khronos.org/openmax/</a>.</li> 2849 2850 <li>Updated the native audio API based on the Khronos Group OpenSL ES 1.0.1? 2851 standard. With API Level 14, you can now decode compressed audio (e.g. MP3, AAC, 2852 Vorbis) to PCM. For more details, see <code>docs/opensles/index.html</code> and 2853 <a href= 2854 "http://www.khronos.org/opensles">http://www.khronos.org/opensles/</a>.</li> 2855 </ul> 2856 </li> 2857 2858 <li>Added CCache support. To speed up large rebuilds, define the 2859 <code>NDK_CCACHE</code> environment variable to <code>ccache</code> (or the path to 2860 your <code>ccache</code> binary). When declared, the NDK build system automatically 2861 uses CCache when compiling any source file. For example: 2862 <pre> 2863export NDK_CCACHE=ccache 2864</pre> 2865 <p class="note"><strong>Note:</strong> CCache is not included in the NDK release 2866 so you must have it installed prior to using it. For more information about CCache, see 2867 <a href="http://ccache.samba.org">http://ccache.samba.org</a>.</p> 2868 </li> 2869 2870 <li>Added support for setting <code>APP_ABI</code> to <code>all</code> to indicate that 2871 you want to build your NDK modules for all the ABIs supported by your given NDK 2872 release. This means that either one of the following two lines in your 2873 <code>Application.mk</code> are equivalent with this release: 2874 <pre> 2875APP_ABI := all 2876APP_ABI := armeabi armeabi-v7a x86 2877</pre> 2878 2879 <p>This also works if you define <code>APP_ABI</code> when calling 2880 <code>ndk-build</code> from the command-line, which is a quick way to check that your 2881 project builds for all supported ABIs without changing the project's 2882 <code>Application.mk file</code>. For example:</p> 2883 <pre> 2884ndk-build APP_ABI=all 2885</pre> 2886 </li> 2887 2888 <li>Added a <code>LOCAL_CPP_FEATURES</code> variable in <code>Android.mk</code> that 2889 allows you to declare which C++ features (RTTI or Exceptions) your module uses. This 2890 ensures that the final linking works correctly if you have prebuilt modules that depend 2891 on these features. See <code>docs/ANDROID-MK.html</code> and 2892 <code>docs/CPLUSPLUS-SUPPORT.html</code> for more details.</li> 2893 2894 <li>Shortened paths to source and object files that are used in build commands. When 2895 invoking <code>$NDK/ndk-build</code> from your project path, the paths to the source, 2896 object, and binary files that are passed to the build commands are significantly 2897 shorter now, because they are passed relative to the current directory. This is useful 2898 when building projects with a lot of source files, to avoid limits on the maximum 2899 command line length supported by your host operating system. The behavior is unchanged 2900 if you invoke <code>ndk-build</code> from a sub-directory of your project tree, or if 2901 you define <code>NDK_PROJECT_PATH</code> to point to a specific directory.</li> 2902 </ul> 2903 </dd> 2904 2905 <dt>Experimental features</dt> 2906 2907 <dd> 2908 You can now build your NDK source files on Windows <em>without</em> Cygwin by calling the 2909 <code>ndk-build.cmd</code> script from the command line from your project path. The 2910 script takes exactly the same arguments as the original <code>ndk-build</code> script. 2911 The Windows NDK package comes with its own prebuilt binaries for GNU Make, Awk and other 2912 tools required by the build. You should not need to install anything else to get a 2913 working build system. 2914 2915 <p class="caution"><strong>Important:</strong> <code>ndk-gdb</code> does not work on 2916 Windows, so you still need Cygwin to debug.</p> 2917 2918 <p>This feature is still experimental, so feel free to try it and report issues on the 2919 <a href="http://b.android.com">public bug database</a> or <a href= 2920 "http://groups.google.com/group/android-ndk">public forum</a>. All samples and unit tests 2921 shipped with the NDK succesfully compile with this feature.</p> 2922 </dd> 2923 2924 <dt>Important bug fixes</dt> 2925 2926 <dd> 2927 <ul> 2928 <li>Imported shared libraries are now installed by default to the target installation 2929 location (<code>libs/<abi></code>) if <code>APP_MODULES</code> is not defined in 2930 your <code>Application.mk</code>. For example, if a top-level module <code>foo</code> 2931 imports a module <code>bar</code>, then both <code>libfoo.so</code> and 2932 <code>libbar.so</code> are copied to the install location. Previously, only 2933 <code>libfoo.so</code> was copied, unless you listed <code>bar</code> in your 2934 <code>APP_MODULES</code> too. If you define <code>APP_MODULES</code> explicitly, the 2935 behavior is unchanged.</li> 2936 2937 <li><code>ndk-gdb</code> now works correctly for activities with multiple categories in 2938 their MAIN intent filters.</li> 2939 2940 <li>Static library imports are now properly transitive. For example, if a top-level 2941 module <code>foo</code> imports static library <code>bar</code> that imports static 2942 library <code>zoo</code>, the <code>libfoo.so</code> will now be linked against both 2943 <code>libbar.a</code> and <code>libzoo.a</code>.</li> 2944 </ul> 2945 </dd> 2946 2947 <dt>Other changes</dt> 2948 2949 <dd> 2950 <ul> 2951 <li><code>docs/NATIVE-ACTIVITY.HTML</code>: Fixed typo. The minimum API level should be 2952 9, not 8 for native activities.</li> 2953 2954 <li><code>docs/STABLE-APIS.html</code>: Added missing documentation listing EGL as a 2955 supported stable API, starting from API level 9.</li> 2956 2957 <li><code>download-toolchain-sources.sh</code>: Updated to download the toolchain 2958 sources from <a href="http://android.googlesource.com">android.googlesource.com</a>, 2959 which is the new location for the AOSP servers.</li> 2960 2961 <li>Added a new C++ support runtime named <code>gabi++</code>. More details about it 2962 are available in the updated <code>docs/CPLUSPLUS-SUPPORT.html</code>.</li> 2963 2964 <li>Added a new C++ support runtime named <code>gnustl_shared</code> that corresponds 2965 to the shared library version of GNU libstdc++ v3 (GPLv3 license). See more info at 2966 <code>docs/CPLUSPLUS-SUPPORT.html</code></li> 2967 2968 <li>Added support for RTTI in the STLport C++ runtimes (no support for 2969 exceptions).</li> 2970 2971 <li>Added support for multiple file extensions in <code>LOCAL_CPP_EXTENSION</code>. For 2972 example, to compile both <code>foo.cpp</code> and <code>bar.cxx</code> as C++ sources, 2973 declare the following: 2974 <pre> 2975LOCAL_CPP_EXTENSION := .cpp .cxx 2976</pre> 2977 </li> 2978 2979 <li>Removed many unwanted exported symbols from the link-time shared system libraries 2980 provided by the NDK. This ensures that code generated with the standalone toolchain 2981 doesn't risk to accidentally depend on a non-stable ABI symbol (e.g. any libgcc.a 2982 symbol that changes each time the toolchain used to build the platform is changed)</li> 2983 2984 <li>Refreshed the EGL and OpenGLES Khronos headers to support more extensions. Note 2985 that this does <em>not</em> change the NDK ABIs for the corresponding libraries, 2986 because each extension must be probed at runtime by the client application. 2987 2988 <p>The extensions that are available depend on your actual device and GPU drivers, 2989 not the platform version the device runs on. The header changes simply add new 2990 constants and types to make it easier to use the extensions when they have been 2991 probed with <code>eglGetProcAddress()</code> or <code>glGetProcAddress()</code>. The 2992 following list describes the newly supported extensions:</p> 2993 2994 <dl> 2995 <dt>GLES 1.x</dt> 2996 2997 <dd> 2998 <ul> 2999 <li><code>GL_OES_vertex_array_object</code></li> 3000 3001 <li><code>GL_OES_EGL_image_external</code></li> 3002 3003 <li><code>GL_APPLE_texture_2D_limited_npot</code></li> 3004 3005 <li><code>GL_EXT_blend_minmax</code></li> 3006 3007 <li><code>GL_EXT_discard_framebuffer</code></li> 3008 3009 <li><code>GL_EXT_multi_draw_arrays</code></li> 3010 3011 <li><code>GL_EXT_read_format_bgra</code></li> 3012 3013 <li><code>GL_EXT_texture_filter_anisotropic</code></li> 3014 3015 <li><code>GL_EXT_texture_format_BGRA8888</code></li> 3016 3017 <li><code>GL_EXT_texture_lod_bias</code></li> 3018 3019 <li><code>GL_IMG_read_format</code></li> 3020 3021 <li><code>GL_IMG_texture_compression_pvrtc</code></li> 3022 3023 <li><code>GL_IMG_texture_env_enhanced_fixed_function</code></li> 3024 3025 <li><code>GL_IMG_user_clip_plane</code></li> 3026 3027 <li><code>GL_IMG_multisampled_render_to_texture</code></li> 3028 3029 <li><code>GL_NV_fence</code></li> 3030 3031 <li><code>GL_QCOM_driver_control</code></li> 3032 3033 <li><code>GL_QCOM_extended_get</code></li> 3034 3035 <li><code>GL_QCOM_extended_get2</code></li> 3036 3037 <li><code>GL_QCOM_perfmon_global_mode</code></li> 3038 3039 <li><code>GL_QCOM_writeonly_rendering</code></li> 3040 3041 <li><code>GL_QCOM_tiled_rendering</code></li> 3042 </ul> 3043 </dd> 3044 3045 <dt>GLES 2.0</dt> 3046 3047 <dd> 3048 <ul> 3049 <li><code>GL_OES_element_index_uint</code></li> 3050 3051 <li><code>GL_OES_get_program_binary</code></li> 3052 3053 <li><code>GL_OES_mapbuffer</code></li> 3054 3055 <li><code>GL_OES_packed_depth_stencil</code></li> 3056 3057 <li><code>GL_OES_texture_3D</code></li> 3058 3059 <li><code>GL_OES_texture_float</code></li> 3060 3061 <li><code>GL_OES_texture_float_linear</code></li> 3062 3063 <li><code>GL_OES_texture_half_float_linear</code></li> 3064 3065 <li><code>GL_OES_texture_npot</code></li> 3066 3067 <li><code>GL_OES_vertex_array_object</code></li> 3068 3069 <li><code>GL_OES_EGL_image_external</code></li> 3070 3071 <li><code>GL_AMD_program_binary_Z400</code></li> 3072 3073 <li><code>GL_EXT_blend_minmax</code></li> 3074 3075 <li><code>GL_EXT_discard_framebuffer</code></li> 3076 3077 <li><code>GL_EXT_multi_draw_arrays</code></li> 3078 3079 <li><code>GL_EXT_read_format_bgra</code></li> 3080 3081 <li><code>GL_EXT_texture_format_BGRA8888</code></li> 3082 3083 <li><code>GL_EXT_texture_compression_dxt1</code></li> 3084 3085 <li><code>GL_IMG_program_binary</code></li> 3086 3087 <li><code>GL_IMG_read_format</code></li> 3088 3089 <li><code>GL_IMG_shader_binary</code></li> 3090 3091 <li><code>GL_IMG_texture_compression_pvrtc</code></li> 3092 3093 <li><code>GL_IMG_multisampled_render_to_texture</code></li> 3094 3095 <li><code>GL_NV_coverage_sample</code></li> 3096 3097 <li><code>GL_NV_depth_nonlinear</code></li> 3098 3099 <li><code>GL_QCOM_extended_get</code></li> 3100 3101 <li><code>GL_QCOM_extended_get2</code></li> 3102 3103 <li><code>GL_QCOM_writeonly_rendering</code></li> 3104 3105 <li><code>GL_QCOM_tiled_rendering</code></li> 3106 </ul> 3107 </dd> 3108 3109 <dt>EGL</dt> 3110 3111 <dd> 3112 <ul> 3113 <li><code>EGL_ANDROID_recordable</code></li> 3114 3115 <li><code>EGL_NV_system_time</code></li> 3116 </ul> 3117 </dd> 3118 </dl> 3119 </li> 3120 </ul> 3121 </dd> 3122 </dl> 3123 </div> 3124</div> 3125 3126 3127<div class="toggle-content closed"> 3128 <p><a href="#" onclick="return toggleContent(this)"> 3129 <img src="{@docRoot}assets/images/triangle-closed.png" class="toggle-content-img" 3130 alt="">Android NDK, Revision 6b</a> <em>(August 2011)</em> 3131 </p> 3132 3133 <div class="toggle-content-toggleme"> 3134 <p>This release of the NDK does not include any new features compared to r6. The r6b release 3135 addresses the following issues in the r6 release:</p> 3136 <dl> 3137 <dt>Important bug fixes</dt> 3138 <dd> 3139 <ul> 3140 <li>Fixed the build when <code>APP_ABI="armeabi x86"</code> is used for 3141 multi-architecture builds.</li> 3142 <li>Fixed the location of prebuilt STLport binaries in the NDK release package. 3143 A bug in the packaging script placed them in the wrong location.</li> 3144 <li>Fixed <code>atexit()</code> usage in shared libraries with the x86standalone 3145 toolchain.</li> 3146 <li>Fixed <code>make-standalone-toolchain.sh --arch=x86</code>. It used to fail 3147 to copy the proper GNU libstdc++ binaries to the right location.</li> 3148 <li>Fixed the standalone toolchain linker warnings about missing the definition and 3149 size for the <code>__dso_handle</code> symbol (ARM only).</li> 3150 <li>Fixed the inclusion order of <code>$(SYSROOT)/usr/include</code> for x86 builds. 3151 See the <a href="http://b.android.com/18540">bug</a> for 3152 more information.</li> 3153 <li>Fixed the definitions of <code>ptrdiff_t</code> and <code>size_t</code> in 3154 x86-specific systems when they are used with the x86 standalone toolchain.</li> 3155 </ul> 3156 </dd> 3157 </dl> 3158 </div> 3159</div> 3160 3161<div class="toggle-content closed"> 3162 <p><a href="#" onclick="return toggleContent(this)"> 3163 <img src="{@docRoot}assets/images/triangle-closed.png" class="toggle-content-img" 3164 alt="">Android NDK, Revision 6</a> <em>(July 2011)</em> 3165 </p> 3166 3167 <div class="toggle-content-toggleme"> 3168 <p>This release of the NDK includes support for the x86 ABI and other minor changes. 3169 For detailed information describing the changes in this release, read the 3170 <code>CHANGES.HTML</code> document included in the NDK package. 3171 </p> 3172 <dl> 3173 <dt>General notes:</dt> 3174 <dd> 3175 <ul> 3176 <li>Adds support for the x86 ABI, which allows you to generate machine code 3177 that runs on compatible x86-based Android devices. Major features for x86 3178 include x86-specific toolchains, system headers, libraries and 3179 debugging support. For all of the details regarding x86 support, 3180 see <code>docs/CPU-X86.html</code> in the NDK package. 3181 3182 <p>By default, code is generated for ARM-based devices, but you can add x86 to your 3183 <code>APP_ABI</code> definition in your <code>Application.mk</code> file to build 3184 for x86 platforms. For example, the following line instructs <code>ndk-build</code> 3185 to build your code for three distinct ABIs:</p> 3186 3187 <pre>APP_ABI := armeabi armeabi-v7a x86</pre> 3188 3189 <p>Unless you rely on ARM-based assembly sources, you shouldn't need to touch 3190 your <code>Android.mk</code> files to build x86 machine code.</p> 3191 3192 </li> 3193 3194 <li>You can build a standalone x86 toolchain using the 3195<code>--toolchain=x86-4.4.3</code> 3196 option when calling <code>make-standalone-toolchain.sh</code>. See 3197 <code>docs/STANDALONE-TOOLCHAIN.html</code> for more details. 3198 </li> 3199 <li>The new <code>ndk-stack</code> tool lets you translate stack traces in 3200 <code>logcat</code> that are generated by native code. The tool translates 3201 instruction addresses into a readable format that contains things such 3202 as the function, source file, and line number corresponding to each stack frame. 3203 For more information and a usage example, see <code>docs/NDK-STACK.html</code>. 3204 </li> 3205 </ul> 3206 </dd> 3207 <dt>Other changes:</dt> 3208 <dd><code>arm-eabi-4.4.0</code>, which had been deprecated since NDK r5, has been 3209 removed from the NDK distribution.</dd> 3210 3211 </dl> 3212 </div> 3213 </div> 3214 3215<div class="toggle-content closed"> 3216 <p><a href="#" onclick="return toggleContent(this)"> 3217 <img src="{@docRoot}assets/images/triangle-closed.png" class="toggle-content-img" 3218 alt="">Android NDK, Revision 5c</a> <em>(June 2011)</em> 3219 </p> 3220 3221 <div class="toggle-content-toggleme"> 3222 <p>This release of the NDK does not include any new features compared to r5b. The r5c release 3223 addresses the following problems in the r5b release:</p> 3224 <dl> 3225 <dt>Important bug fixes:</dt> 3226 <dd> 3227 <ul> 3228 <li><code>ndk-build</code>: Fixed a rare bug that appeared when trying to perform parallel 3229 builds of debuggable projects.</li> 3230 3231 <li>Fixed a typo that prevented <code>LOCAL_WHOLE_STATIC_LIBRARIES</code> to work 3232 correctly with the new toolchain and added documentation for this in 3233 <code>docs/ANDROID-MK.html</code>.</li> 3234 3235 <li>Fixed a bug where code linked against <code>gnustl_static</code> crashed when run on 3236 platform releases older than API level 8 (Android 2.2).</li> 3237 3238 <li><code>ndk-gdb</code>: Fixed a bug that caused a segmentation fault when debugging 3239Android 3.0 3240 or newer devices.</li> 3241 3242 <li><code><android/input.h></code>: Two functions that were introduced in API level 3243 9 (Android 2.3) were incorrect and are fixed. While this breaks the source API, the 3244 binary interface to the system is unchanged. The incorrect functions were missing a 3245 <code>history_index</code> parameter, and the correct definitions are shown below: 3246<pre> 3247float AMotionEvent_getHistoricalRawX(const AInputEvent* motion_event, 3248 size_t pointer_index, 3249 size_t history_index); 3250 3251float AMotionEvent_getHistoricalRawY(const AInputEvent* motion_event, 3252 size_t pointer_index, 3253 size_t history_index); 3254</pre> 3255 </li> 3256 3257 <li>Updated the C library ARM binary for API level 9 (Android 2.3) to correctly expose at 3258 link time new functions that were added in that API level (for example, 3259 <code>pthread_rwlock_init</code>).</li> 3260 3261 </ul> 3262 </dd> 3263 3264 <dt>Minor improvements and fixes:</dt> 3265 <dd> 3266 <ul> 3267 <li>Object files are now always linked in the order they appear in 3268 <code>LOCAL_SRC_FILES</code>. This was not the case previously because the files were 3269 grouped by source extensions instead.</li> 3270 3271 <li>When <code>import-module</code> fails, it now prints the list of directories that 3272 were searched. This is useful to check that the <code>NDK_MODULE_PATH</code> definition 3273 used by the build system is correct.</li> 3274 3275 <li>When <code>import-module</code> succeeds, it now prints the directory where the 3276 module was found to the log (visible with <code>NDK_LOG=1</code>).</li> 3277 3278 <li>Increased the build speed of debuggable applications when there is a very large number 3279 of include directories in the project.</li> 3280 3281 <li><code>ndk-gdb</code>: Better detection of <code>adb shell</code> failures and improved 3282 error messages.</li> 3283 3284 <li><code><pthread.h></code>: Fixed the definition of 3285 <code>PTHREAD_RWLOCK_INITIALIZER</code> for API level 9 (Android 2.3) and higher.</li> 3286 3287 <li>Fixed an issue where a module could import itself, resulting in an infinite loop in 3288 GNU Make.</li> 3289 3290 <li>Fixed a bug that caused the build to fail if <code>LOCAL_ARM_NEON</code> was set to 3291 true (typo in <code>build/core/build-binary.mk</code>).</li> 3292 3293 <li>Fixed a bug that prevented the compilation of <code>.s</code> assembly files 3294 (<code>.S</code> files were okay).</li> 3295 </ul> 3296 </dd> 3297 </dl> 3298 </div> 3299</div> 3300 3301<div class="toggle-content closed"> 3302 <p><a href="#" onclick="return toggleContent(this)"> 3303 <img src="{@docRoot}assets/images/triangle-closed.png" class="toggle-content-img" 3304 alt="">Android NDK, Revision 5b</a> <em>(January 2011)</em> 3305 </p> 3306 3307 <div class="toggle-content-toggleme"> 3308 <p>This release of the NDK does not include any new features compared to r5. The r5b release 3309addresses the 3310 following problems in the r5 release: 3311 </p> 3312 <ul> 3313 <li>The r5 binaries required glibc 2.11, but the r5b binaries are generated with a special 3314 toolchain that targets glibc 2.7 or higher instead. The Linux toolchain binaries now run on 3315Ubuntu 8.04 or higher. </li> 3316 <li>Fixes a compiler bug in the arm-linux-androideabi-4.4.3 toolchain. 3317 The previous binary generated invalid thumb instruction sequences when 3318 dealing with signed chars.</li> 3319 <li>Adds missing documentation for the 3320 "gnustl_static" value for APP_STL, that allows you to link against 3321 a static library version of GNU libstdc++. </li> the 3322 <li>Fixed the following <code>ndk-build</code> issues: 3323 <ul> 3324 <li>A bug that created inconsistent dependency files when a 3325 compilation error occured on Windows. This prevented a proper build after 3326 the error was fixed in the source code.</li> 3327 <li>A Cygwin-specific bug where using very short paths for 3328 the Android NDK installation or the project path led to the 3329 generation of invalid dependency files. This made incremental builds 3330 impossible.</li> 3331 <li>A typo that prevented the cpufeatures library from working correctly 3332 with the new NDK toolchain.</li> 3333 <li>Builds in Cygwin are faster by avoiding calls to <code>cygpath -m</code> 3334 from GNU Make for every source or object file, which caused problems 3335 with very large source trees. In case this doesn't work properly, define 3336<code>NDK_USE_CYGPATH=1</code> in your 3337 environment to use <code>cygpath -m</code> again.</li> 3338 <li>The Cygwin installation now notifies the user of invalid installation paths that 3339contain spaces. Previously, an invalid path 3340 would output an error that complained about an incorrect version of GNU Make, even if the 3341right one was installed. 3342 </ul> 3343 </li> 3344 <li>Fixed a typo that prevented the <code>NDK_MODULE_PATH</code> environment variable from 3345working properly when 3346 it contained multiple directories separated with a colon. </li> 3347 <li>The <code>prebuilt-common.sh</code> script contains fixes to check the compiler for 64-bit 3348 generated machine code, instead of relying on the host tag, which 3349 allows the 32-bit toolchain to rebuild properly on Snow Leopard. The toolchain rebuild scripts 3350now also support 3351 using a 32-bit host toolchain.</li> 3352 <li>A missing declaration for <code>INET_ADDRSTRLEN</code> was added to 3353<code><netinet/in.h></code>.</li> 3354 <li>Missing declarations for <code>IN6_IS_ADDR_MC_NODELOCAL</code> and 3355<code>IN6_IS_ADDR_MC_GLOBAL</code> were added to <code><netinet/in6.h></code>.</li> 3356 <li>'asm' was replaced with '__asm__' in <code><asm/byteorder.h></code> to allow 3357compilation with <code>-std=c99</code>.</li> 3358 </ul> 3359 </div> 3360 </div> 3361 3362<div class="toggle-content closed"> 3363 <p><a href="#" onclick="return toggleContent(this)"> 3364 <img src="{@docRoot}assets/images/triangle-closed.png" class="toggle-content-img" 3365 alt="">Android NDK, Revision 5</a> <em>(December 2010)</em> 3366 </p> 3367 3368 <div class="toggle-content-toggleme"> 3369 <p>This release of the NDK includes many new APIs, most of which are introduced to 3370 support the development of games and similar applications that make extensive use 3371 of native code. Using the APIs, developers have direct native access to events, audio, 3372 graphics and window management, assets, and storage. Developers can also implement the 3373 Android application lifecycle in native code with help from the new 3374 {@link android.app.NativeActivity} class. For detailed information describing the changes 3375in this 3376 release, read the <code>CHANGES.HTML</code> document included in the downloaded NDK 3377package. 3378 </p> 3379 <dl> 3380 <dt>General notes:</dt> 3381 <dd> 3382 <ul> 3383 <li>Adds support for native activities, which allows you to implement the 3384 Android application lifecycle in native code.</li> 3385 3386 <li>Adds native support for the following: 3387 3388 <ul> 3389 3390 <li>Input subsystem (such as the keyboard and touch screen)</li> 3391 3392 <li>Access to sensor data (accelerometer, compass, gyroscope, etc).</li> 3393 3394 <li>Event loop APIs to wait for things such as input and sensor events.</li> 3395 3396 <li>Window and surface subsystem</li> 3397 3398 <li>Audio APIs based on the OpenSL ES standard that support playback and recording 3399 as well as control over platform audio effects</li> 3400 3401 <li>Access to assets packaged in an <code>.apk</code> file.</li> 3402 3403 </ul> 3404 </li> 3405 3406 <li>Includes a new toolchain (based on GCC 4.4.3), which generates better code, and can 3407also now 3408 be used as a standalone cross-compiler, for people who want to build their stuff with 3409 <code>./configure && make</code>. See 3410 docs/STANDALONE-TOOLCHAIN.html for the details. The binaries for GCC 4.4.0 are still 3411provided, 3412 but the 4.2.1 binaries were removed.</li> 3413 3414 <li>Adds support for prebuilt static and shared libraries (docs/PREBUILTS.html) and 3415module 3416 exports and imports to make sharing and reuse of third-party modules much easier 3417 (docs/IMPORT-MODULE.html explains why).</li> 3418 3419 <li>Provides a default C++ STL implementation (based on STLport) as a helper module. It 3420can be used either 3421 as a static or shared library (details and usage examples are in 3422sources/android/stlport/README). Prebuilt 3423 binaries for STLport (static or shared) and GNU libstdc++ (static only) are also 3424provided if you choose to 3425 compile against those libraries instead of the default C++ STL implementation. 3426 C++ Exceptions and RTTI are not supported in the default STL implementation. For more 3427information, see 3428 docs/CPLUSPLUS-SUPPORT.HTML.</li> 3429 3430 <li>Includes improvements to the <code>cpufeatures</code> helper library that improves 3431reporting 3432 of the CPU type (some devices previously reported ARMv7 CPU when the device really was 3433an ARMv6). We 3434 recommend developers that use this library to rebuild their applications then 3435 upload to Google Play to benefit from the improvements.</li> 3436 3437 <li>Adds an EGL library that lets you create and manage OpenGL ES textures and 3438 services.</li> 3439 3440 <li>Adds new sample applications, <code>native-plasma</code> and 3441<code>native-activity</code>, 3442 to demonstrate how to write a native activity.</li> 3443 3444 <li>Includes many bugfixes and other small improvements; see docs/CHANGES.html for a 3445more 3446 detailed list of changes.</li> 3447 </ul> 3448 </dd> 3449 </dl> 3450 </div> 3451 </div> 3452 3453<div class="toggle-content closed"> 3454 <p><a href="#" onclick="return toggleContent(this)"> 3455 <img src="{@docRoot}assets/images/triangle-closed.png" class="toggle-content-img" 3456 alt="">Android NDK, Revision 4b</a> <em>(June 2010)</em> 3457 </p> 3458 3459 <div class="toggle-content-toggleme"> 3460 <dl> 3461 <dt>NDK r4b notes:</dt> 3462 3463 <dd> 3464 <p>Includes fixes for several issues in the NDK build and debugging scripts — if 3465 you are using NDK r4, we recommend downloading the NDK r4b build. For detailed 3466 information describing the changes in this release, read the CHANGES.TXT document 3467 included in the downloaded NDK package.</p> 3468 </dd> 3469 </dl> 3470 3471 <dl> 3472 <dt>General notes:</dt> 3473 3474 <dd> 3475 <ul> 3476 <li>Provides a simplified build system through the new <code>ndk-build</code> build 3477 command.</li> 3478 3479 <li>Adds support for easy native debugging of generated machine code on production 3480 devices through the new <code>ndk-gdb</code> command.</li> 3481 3482 <li>Adds a new Android-specific ABI for ARM-based CPU architectures, 3483 <code>armeabi-v7a</code>. The new ABI extends the existing <code>armeabi</code> ABI to 3484 include these CPU instruction set extensions: 3485 3486 <ul> 3487 <li>Thumb-2 instructions</li> 3488 3489 <li>VFP hardware FPU instructions (VFPv3-D16)</li> 3490 3491 <li>Optional support for ARM Advanced SIMD (NEON) GCC intrinsics and VFPv3-D32. 3492 Supported by devices such as Verizon Droid by Motorola, Google Nexus One, and 3493 others.</li> 3494 </ul> 3495 </li> 3496 3497 <li>Adds a new <code>cpufeatures</code> static library (with sources) that lets your 3498 app detect the host device's CPU features at runtime. Specifically, applications can 3499 check for ARMv7-A support, as well as VFPv3-D32 and NEON support, then provide separate 3500 code paths as needed.</li> 3501 3502 <li>Adds a sample application, <code>hello-neon</code>, that illustrates how to use the 3503 <code>cpufeatures</code> library to check CPU features and then provide an optimized 3504 code path using NEON instrinsics, if supported by the CPU.</li> 3505 3506 <li>Lets you generate machine code for either or both of the instruction sets supported 3507 by the NDK. For example, you can build for both ARMv5 and ARMv7-A architectures at the 3508 same time and have everything stored to your application's final 3509 <code>.apk</code>.</li> 3510 3511 <li>To ensure that your applications are available to users only if their devices are 3512 capable of running them, Google Play now filters applications based on the 3513 instruction set information included in your application — no action is needed on 3514 your part to enable the filtering. Additionally, the Android system itself also checks 3515 your application at install time and allows the installation to continue only if the 3516 application provides a library that is compiled for the device's CPU architecture.</li> 3517 3518 <li>Adds support for Android 2.2, including a new stable API for accessing the pixel 3519 buffers of {@link android.graphics.Bitmap} objects from native code.</li> 3520 </ul> 3521 </dd> 3522 </dl> 3523 </div> 3524 </div> 3525 3526<div class="toggle-content closed"> 3527 <p><a href="#" onclick="return toggleContent(this)"> 3528 <img src="{@docRoot}assets/images/triangle-closed.png" class="toggle-content-img" 3529 alt="">Android NDK, Revision 3</a> <em>(March 2010)</em> 3530 </p> 3531 3532 <div class="toggle-content-toggleme"> 3533 <dl> 3534 <dt>General notes:</dt> 3535 3536 <dd> 3537 <ul> 3538 <li>Adds OpenGL ES 2.0 native library support.</li> 3539 3540 <li>Adds a sample application,<code>hello-gl2</code>, that illustrates the use of 3541 OpenGL ES 2.0 vertex and fragment shaders.</li> 3542 3543 <li>The toolchain binaries have been refreshed for this release with GCC 4.4.0, which 3544 should generate slightly more compact and efficient machine code than the previous one 3545 (4.2.1). The NDK also still provides the 4.2.1 binaries, which you can optionally use 3546 to build your machine code.</li> 3547 </ul> 3548 </dd> 3549 </dl> 3550 </div> 3551 </div> 3552 3553<div class="toggle-content closed"> 3554 <p><a href="#" onclick="return toggleContent(this)"> 3555 <img src="{@docRoot}assets/images/triangle-closed.png" class="toggle-content-img" 3556 alt="">Android NDK, Revision 2</a> <em>(September 2009)</em> 3557 </p> 3558 3559 <div class="toggle-content-toggleme"> 3560 <p>Originally released as "Android 1.6 NDK, Release 1".</p> 3561 3562 <dl> 3563 <dt>General notes:</dt> 3564 3565 <dd> 3566 <ul> 3567 <li>Adds OpenGL ES 1.1 native library support.</li> 3568 3569 <li>Adds a sample application, <code>san-angeles</code>, that renders 3D graphics 3570 through the native OpenGL ES APIs, while managing activity lifecycle with a {@link 3571 android.opengl.GLSurfaceView} object.</li> 3572 </ul> 3573 </dd> 3574 </dl> 3575 </div> 3576 </div> 3577 3578<div class="toggle-content closed"> 3579 <p><a href="#" onclick="return toggleContent(this)"> 3580 <img src="{@docRoot}assets/images/triangle-closed.png" class="toggle-content-img" 3581 alt="">Android NDK, Revision 1</a> <em>(June 2009)</em> 3582 </p> 3583 3584 <div class="toggle-content-toggleme"> 3585 <p>Originally released as "Android 1.5 NDK, Release 1".</p> 3586 3587 <dl> 3588 <dt>General notes:</dt> 3589 3590 <dd> 3591 <ul> 3592 <li>Includes compiler support (GCC) for ARMv5TE instructions, including Thumb-1 3593 instructions.</li> 3594 3595 <li>Includes system headers for stable native APIs, documentation, and sample 3596 applications.</li> 3597 </ul> 3598 </dd> 3599 </dl> 3600 </div> 3601 </div> 3602 3603 3604 3605 3606 3607<!-- ####################### END OF RELEASE NOTES ####################### --> 3608 3609 3610 3611 3612 3613 3614 3615 3616 3617 3618 3619 3620 3621 3622 3623 3624 3625 3626 3627 3628 3629 3630 3631 3632 3633 3634 3635 3636 <h2 id="Reqs">System and Software Requirements</h2> 3637 3638 <p>The sections below describe the system and software requirements for using the Android NDK, as 3639 well as platform compatibility considerations that affect appplications using libraries produced 3640 with the NDK.</p> 3641 3642 <h4>The Android SDK</h4> 3643 3644 <ul> 3645 <li>A complete Android SDK installation (including all dependencies) is required.</li> 3646 3647 <li>Android 1.5 SDK or later version is required.</li> 3648 </ul> 3649 3650 <h4>Supported operating systems</h4> 3651 3652 <ul> 3653 <li>Windows XP (32-bit) or Vista (32- or 64-bit)</li> 3654 3655 <li>Mac OS X 10.4.8 or later (x86 only)</li> 3656 3657 <li>Linux (32 or 64-bit; Ubuntu 8.04, or other Linux distributions using GLibc 2.7 or 3658later)</li> 3659 </ul> 3660 3661 <h4>Required development tools</h4> 3662 3663 <ul> 3664 <li>For all development platforms, GNU Make 3.81 or later is required. Earlier versions of GNU 3665 Make might work but have not been tested.</li> 3666 3667 <li>A recent version of awk (either GNU Awk or Nawk) is also required.</li> 3668 3669 <li>For Windows, <a href="http://www.cygwin.com">Cygwin</a> 1.7 or higher is required. The NDK 3670 will <em>not</em> work with Cygwin 1.5 installations.</li> 3671 </ul> 3672 3673 <h4 id="platform-compat">Android platform compatibility</h4> 3674 3675 <ul> 3676 <li>The native libraries created by the Android NDK can only be used on devices running 3677 specific minimum Android platform versions. The minimum required platform version depends on 3678 the CPU architecture of the devices you are targeting. The following table details which 3679 Android platform versions are compatible with native code developed for specific CPU 3680 architectures. 3681 3682 <table style="margin:1em;"> 3683 <tr> 3684 <th>Native Code CPU Architecture Used</th> 3685 <th>Compatible Android Platform(s)</th> 3686 </tr> 3687 3688 <tr> 3689 <td>ARM, ARM-NEON</td> 3690 <td>Android 1.5 (API Level 3) and higher</td> 3691 </tr> 3692 3693 <tr> 3694 <td>x86</td> 3695 <td>Android 2.3 (API Level 9) and higher</td> 3696 </tr> 3697 3698 <tr> 3699 <td>MIPS</td> 3700 <td>Android 2.3 (API Level 9) and higher</td> 3701 </tr> 3702 </table> 3703 3704 <p>These requirements mean you can use native libraries produced with the NDK in 3705 applications that are deployable to ARM-based devices running Android 1.5 or later. If you are 3706 deploying native libraries to x86 and MIPS-based devices, your application must target Android 3707 2.3 or later.</p> 3708 </li> 3709 3710 <li>To ensure compatibility, an application using a native library produced with the NDK 3711 <em>must</em> declare a <a href="{@docRoot}guide/topics/manifest/uses-sdk-element.html"><code> 3712 <uses-sdk></code></a> element in its manifest file, with an 3713 <code>android:minSdkVersion</code> attribute value of "3" or higher. For example: 3714 3715<pre style="margin:1em;"> 3716<manifest> 3717 <uses-sdk android:minSdkVersion="3" /> 3718 ... 3719</manifest> 3720</pre> 3721 </li> 3722 3723 <li>If you use this NDK to create a native library that uses the OpenGL ES APIs, the 3724 application containing the library can be deployed only to devices running the minimum platform 3725 versions described in the table below. To ensure compatibility, make sure that your application 3726 declares the proper <code>android:minSdkVersion</code> attribute value, as shown in the 3727 following table.</li> 3728 3729 <li style="list-style: none; display: inline"> 3730 <table style="margin:1em;"> 3731 <tr> 3732 <th>OpenGL ES Version Used</th> 3733 3734 <th>Compatible Android Platform(s)</th> 3735 3736 <th>Required uses-sdk Attribute</th> 3737 </tr> 3738 3739 <tr> 3740 <td>OpenGL ES 1.1</td> 3741 3742 <td>Android 1.6 (API Level 4) and higher</td> 3743 3744 <td><code>android:minSdkVersion="4"</code></td> 3745 </tr> 3746 3747 <tr> 3748 <td>OpenGL ES 2.0</td> 3749 3750 <td>Android 2.0 (API Level 5) and higher</td> 3751 3752 <td><code>android:minSdkVersion="5"</code></td> 3753 </tr> 3754 </table> 3755 3756 <p>For more information about API Level and its relationship to Android platform versions, 3757 see <a href="{@docRoot}guide/topics/manifest/uses-sdk-element.html#ApiLevels">Android API 3758Levels</a>.</p> 3759 </li> 3760 3761 <li>Additionally, an application using the OpenGL ES APIs should declare a 3762 <code><uses-feature></code> element in its manifest, with an 3763 <code>android:glEsVersion</code> attribute that specifies the minimum OpenGl ES version 3764 required by the application. This ensures that Google Play will show your application only 3765 to users whose devices are capable of supporting your application. For example: 3766 <pre style="margin:1em;"> 3767<manifest> 3768<!-- Declare that the application uses the OpenGL ES 2.0 API and is designed 3769 to run only on devices that support OpenGL ES 2.0 or higher. --> 3770 <uses-feature android:glEsVersion="0x00020000" /> 3771 ... 3772</manifest> 3773</pre> 3774 3775 <p>For more information, see the <a href= 3776 3777"{@docRoot}guide/topics/manifest/uses-feature-element.html"><code><uses-feature></code></a> 3778 documentation.</p> 3779 </li> 3780 3781 <li>If you use this NDK to create a native library that uses the API to access Android {@link 3782 android.graphics.Bitmap} pixel buffers or utilizes native activities, the application 3783 containing the library can be deployed only to devices running Android 2.2 (API level 8) or 3784 higher. To ensure compatibility, make sure that your application declares <code><uses-sdk 3785 android:minSdkVersion="8" /></code> attribute value in its manifest.</li> 3786 </ul> 3787 3788 3789 3790 3791 3792 3793 3794 3795 3796 3797 3798 3799 3800 3801 3802 3803 3804 3805 3806 3807 3808 3809 3810 3811 3812 3813 3814 <h2 id="Installing">Installing the NDK</h2> 3815 <p>Installing the NDK on your development computer is straightforward and involves extracting the 3816 NDK from its download package.</p> 3817 3818 <p>Before you get started make sure that you have downloaded the latest <a href= 3819 "{@docRoot}sdk/index.html">Android SDK</a> and upgraded your applications and environment as 3820 needed. The NDK is compatible with older platform versions but not older versions of the SDK 3821tools. 3822 Also, take a moment to review the <a href="#Reqs">System and 3823Software Requirements</a> 3824 for the NDK, if you haven't already.</p> 3825 3826 <p>To install the NDK, first download the appropriate package from the table at the top of this 3827 page. Then, follow the procedure for your development platform:</p> 3828 <ul> 3829 <li>On Linux and Mac OS X (Darwin): 3830 <ul> 3831 <ol> 3832 <li>Download the appropriate package from this page.</li> 3833 <li>Open a terminal window.</li> 3834 <li>Go to the directory to which you downloaded the package.</li> 3835 <li>Run <code>chmod a+x</code> on the downloaded package.</li> 3836 <li>Execute the package. For example:</li> 3837 <pre> 3838ndk$ chmod a+x android-ndk-r10c-darwin-x86_64.bin 3839ndk$ ./android-ndk-r10c-darwin-x86_64.bin 3840 </pre> 3841 <p>The folder containing the NDK extracts itself.</p> 3842 <p>Note that you can also use a program like 7z to extract the package.</p> 3843 </ol> 3844 </ul> 3845 <li>On Windows:</li> 3846 <ul> 3847 <ol> 3848 <li>Download the appropriate package from this page.</li> 3849 <li>Navigate to the folder to which you downloaded the package.</li> 3850 <li>Double-click the downloaded file. The folder containing the NDK extracts itself.</li> 3851 </ol> 3852 </ul> 3853 </ul>When uncompressed, the NDK files are contained in a directory called 3854 <code>android-ndk-<version></code>. You can rename the NDK directory if necessary and you 3855 can move it to any location on your computer. This documentation refers to the NDK directory as 3856 <code><ndk></code>. 3857 3858 3859 <p>You are now ready to start working with the NDK.</p> 3860 3861 3862<h2 id="GetStarted">Getting Started with the NDK</h2> 3863 3864<p>Once you've installed the NDK successfully, take a few minutes to read the documentation 3865included in the NDK. You can find the documentation in the <code><ndk>/docs/</code> 3866directory. In particular, please read the OVERVIEW.HTML document completely, so that you 3867understand the intent of the NDK and how to use it.</p> 3868 3869<p>If you used a previous version of the NDK, take a moment to review the list of NDK changes in 3870the CHANGES.HTML document.</p> 3871 3872<p>Here's the general outline of how you work with the NDK tools:</p> 3873 3874<ol> 3875 <li>Place your native sources under <code><project>/jni/...</code></li> 3876 3877 <li>Create <code><project>/jni/Android.mk</code> to describe your native sources to the 3878 NDK build system</li> 3879 3880 <li>Optional: Create <code><project>/jni/Application.mk</code>.</li> 3881 3882 <li>Build your native code by running the 'ndk-build' script from your project's directory. It 3883 is located in the top-level NDK directory: 3884 <pre class="no-pretty-print">cd <project> 3885<ndk>/ndk-build 3886</pre> 3887 3888 <p>The build tools copy the stripped, shared libraries needed by your application to the 3889 proper location in the application's project directory.</p> 3890 </li> 3891 3892 <li>Finally, compile your application using the SDK tools in the usual way. The SDK build tools 3893 will package the shared libraries in the application's deployable <code>.apk</code> file.</li> 3894</ol> 3895 3896<p>For complete information on all of the steps listed above, please see the documentation 3897included with the NDK package.</p> 3898 3899 3900<h3 id="Using">Using the NDK</h3> 3901 3902<p>The Android framework provides two ways to use native code:</p> 3903 3904<ul> 3905 <li>Write your application using the Android framework and use JNI to access the APIs provided 3906 by the Android NDK. This technique allows you to take advantage of the convenience of the 3907 Android framework, but still allows you to write native code when necessary. If you use this 3908 approach, your application must target specific, minimum Android platform levels, see <a 3909 href="#platform-compat">Android platform compatibility</a> for more information.</li> 3910 3911 <li> 3912 <p>Write a native activity, which allows you to implement the lifecycle callbacks in native 3913 code. The Android SDK provides the {@link android.app.NativeActivity} class, which is a 3914 convenience class that notifies your 3915 native code of any activity lifecycle callbacks (<code>onCreate()</code>, 3916<code>onPause()</code>, 3917 <code>onResume()</code>, etc). You can implement the callbacks in your native code to handle 3918 these events when they occur. Applications that use native activities must be run on Android 3919 2.3 (API Level 9) or later.</p> 3920 3921 <p>You cannot access features such as Services and Content Providers natively, so if you want 3922 to use them or any other framework API, you can still write JNI code to do so.</p> 3923 </li> 3924</ul> 3925 3926 3927 3928 3929 3930 <h2 id="Contents">Contents of the NDK</h2> 3931 3932 <p>The NDK contains the APIs, documentation, and sample 3933 applications that help you write your native code. Specifically:</p> 3934 3935 <ul> 3936 <li>A set of tools and build files used to generate native code libraries from C and C++ 3937 sources</li> 3938 3939 <li>A way to embed the corresponding native libraries into an application package file 3940 (<code>.apk</code>) that can be deployed on Android devices</li> 3941 3942 <li>A set of native system headers and libraries that will be supported in all future versions 3943 of the Android platform, starting from Android 1.5. Applications that use native activities 3944 must be run on Android 2.3 or later.</li> 3945 3946 <li>Documentation, samples, and tutorials</li> 3947 </ul> 3948 3949 <p>The latest release of the NDK supports the following instruction sets:</p> 3950 3951 <ul> 3952 <li>ARMv5TE, including Thumb-1 instructions (see {@code docs/CPU-ARCH-ABIS.html} for more 3953information)</li> 3954 3955 <li>ARMv7-A, including Thumb-2 and VFPv3-D16 instructions, with optional support for 3956 NEON/VFPv3-D32 instructions (see {@code docs/CPU-ARM-NEON.html} for more information)</li> 3957 3958 <li>x86 instructions (see {@code docs/CPU-X86.html} for more information)</li> 3959 3960 <li>MIPS instructions (see {@code docs/CPU-MIPS.html} for more information)</li> 3961 </ul> 3962 3963 <p>ARMv5TE machine code will run on all ARM-based Android devices. ARMv7-A will run only on 3964 devices such as the Verizon Droid or Google Nexus One that have a compatible CPU. The main 3965 difference between the two instruction sets is that ARMv7-A supports hardware FPU, Thumb-2, and 3966 NEON instructions. You can target either or both of the instruction sets — ARMv5TE is the 3967 default, but switching to ARMv7-A is as easy as adding a single line to the application's 3968 <code>Application.mk</code> file, without needing to change anything else in the file. You can 3969also build for 3970 both architectures at the same time and have everything stored in the final <code>.apk</code>. 3971 Complete information is provided in the CPU-ARCH-ABIS.HTML in the NDK package.</p> 3972 3973 <p>The NDK provides stable headers for libc (the C library), libm (the Math library), OpenGL ES 3974 (3D graphics library), the JNI interface, and other libraries, as listed in the <a href= 3975 "#Tools">Development tools</a> section.</p> 3976 3977 3978 <h3 id="Tools">Development tools</h3> 3979 3980 <p>The NDK includes a set of cross-toolchains (compilers, linkers, etc.) that can generate 3981 native ARM binaries on Linux, OS X, and Windows (with Cygwin) platforms.</p> 3982 3983 <p>It provides a set of system headers for stable native APIs that are guaranteed to be supported 3984 in all later releases of the platform:</p> 3985 3986 <ul> 3987 <li>libc (C library) headers</li> 3988 3989 <li>libm (math library) headers</li> 3990 3991 <li>JNI interface headers</li> 3992 3993 <li>libz (Zlib compression) headers</li> 3994 3995 <li>liblog (Android logging) header</li> 3996 3997 <li>OpenGL ES 1.1 and OpenGL ES 2.0 (3D graphics libraries) headers</li> 3998 3999 <li>libjnigraphics (Pixel buffer access) header (for Android 2.2 and above).</li> 4000 4001 <li>A Minimal set of headers for C++ support</li> 4002 4003 <li>OpenSL ES native audio libraries</li> 4004 4005 <li>Android native application APIS</li> 4006 </ul> 4007 4008 <p>The NDK also provides a build system that lets you work efficiently with your sources, without 4009 having to handle the toolchain/platform/CPU/ABI details. You create very short build files to 4010 describe which sources to compile and which Android application will use them — the build 4011 system compiles the sources and places the shared libraries directly in your application 4012 project.</p> 4013 4014 <p class="caution"><strong>Important:</strong> With the exception of the libraries listed above, 4015 native system libraries in the Android platform are <em>not</em> stable and may change in future 4016 platform versions. Your applications should <em>only</em> make use of the stable native system 4017 libraries provided in this NDK.</p> 4018 4019 4020 4021 <h3 id="Docs">Documentation</h3> 4022 4023 <p>The NDK package includes a set of documentation that describes the capabilities of the NDK and 4024 how to use it to create shared libraries for your Android applications. In this release, the 4025 documentation is provided only in the downloadable NDK package. You can find the documentation in 4026 the <code><ndk>/docs/</code> directory. Included are these files (partial listing):</p> 4027 4028 <ul> 4029 <li> 4030 INSTALL.HTML — describes how to install the NDK and configure it for your host 4031 system</li> 4032 4033 <li>OVERVIEW.HTML — provides an overview of the NDK capabilities and usage</li> 4034 4035 <li>ANDROID-MK.HTML — describes the use of the Android.mk file, which defines the native 4036 sources you want to compile</li> 4037 4038 <li>APPLICATION-MK.HTML — describes the use of the Application.mk file, which describes 4039 the native sources required by your Android application</li> 4040 <li>CPLUSPLUS-SUPPORT.HTML — describes the C++ support provided in the Android NDK</li> 4041 <li>CPU-ARCH-ABIS.HTML — a description of supported CPU architectures and how to target 4042 them.</li> 4043 4044 <li>CPU-FEATURES.HTML — a description of the <code>cpufeatures</code> static library that 4045 lets your application code detect the target device's CPU family and the optional features at 4046 runtime.</li> 4047 4048 <li>CHANGES.HTML — a complete list of changes to the NDK across all releases.</li> 4049 4050 <li>DEVELOPMENT.HTML — describes how to modify the NDK and generate release packages for 4051it</li> 4052 4053 <li>HOWTO.HTML — information about common tasks associated with NDK development</li> 4054 4055 <li>IMPORT-MODULE.HTML — describes how to share and reuse modules</li> 4056 4057 <li>LICENSES.HTML — information about the various open source licenses that govern the 4058Android NDK</li> 4059 4060 <li>NATIVE-ACTIVITY.HTML — describes how to implement native activities</li> 4061 4062 <li>NDK-BUILD.HTML — describes the usage of the ndk-build script</li> 4063 4064 <li>NDK-GDB.HTML — describes how to use the native code debugger</li> 4065 4066 <li>PREBUILTS.HTML — information about how shared and static prebuilt libraries work </li> 4067 4068 <li>STANDALONE-TOOLCHAIN.HTML — describes how to use Android NDK toolchain as a standalone 4069 compiler (still in beta).</li> 4070 4071 <li>SYSTEM-ISSUES.HTML — known issues in the Android system images that you should be 4072 aware of, if you are developing using the NDK.</li> 4073 4074 <li>STABLE-APIS.HTML — a complete list of the stable APIs exposed by headers in the 4075 NDK.</li> 4076 4077 </ul> 4078 4079 <p>Additionally, the package includes detailed information about the "bionic" C library provided 4080 with the Android platform that you should be aware of, if you are developing using the NDK. You 4081 can find the documentation in the <code><ndk>/docs/system/libc/</code> directory:</p> 4082 4083 <ul> 4084 <li>OVERVIEW.HTML — provides an overview of the "bionic" C library and the features it 4085 offers.</li> 4086 </ul> 4087 4088 4089 4090 4091 4092<h3 id="Samples">Sample apps</h3> 4093 4094<p>The NDK includes sample applications that illustrate how to use native code in your Android 4095 applications:</p> 4096 4097 <ul> 4098 <li><code>hello-jni</code> — a simple application that loads a string from a native 4099 method implemented in a shared library and then displays it in the application UI.</li> 4100 4101 <li><code>two-libs</code> — a simple application that loads a shared library dynamically 4102 and calls a native method provided by the library. In this case, the method is implemented in a 4103 static library imported by the shared library.</li> 4104 4105 <li><code>san-angeles</code> — a simple application that renders 3D graphics through the 4106 native OpenGL ES APIs, while managing activity lifecycle with a {@link 4107 android.opengl.GLSurfaceView} object.</li> 4108 4109 <li><code>hello-gl2</code> — a simple application that renders a triangle using OpenGL ES 4110 2.0 vertex and fragment shaders.</li> 4111 4112 <li><code>hello-neon</code> — a simple application that shows how to use the 4113 <code>cpufeatures</code> library to check CPU capabilities at runtime, then use NEON intrinsics 4114 if supported by the CPU. Specifically, the application implements two versions of a tiny 4115 benchmark for a FIR filter loop, a C version and a NEON-optimized version for devices that 4116 support it.</li> 4117 4118 <li><code>bitmap-plasma</code> — a simple application that demonstrates how to access the 4119 pixel buffers of Android {@link android.graphics.Bitmap} objects from native code, and uses 4120 this to generate an old-school "plasma" effect.</li> 4121 4122 <li><code>native-activity</code> — a simple application that demonstrates how to use the 4123 native-app-glue static library to create a native activity</li> 4124 4125 <li><code>native-plasma</code> — a version of bitmap-plasma implemented with a native 4126 activity.</li> 4127 </ul> 4128 4129 <p>For each sample, the NDK includes the corresponding C source code and the necessary Android.mk 4130 and Application.mk files. There are located under <code><ndk>/samples/<name>/</code> 4131 and their source code can be found under <code><ndk>/samples/<name>/jni/</code>.</p> 4132 4133 <p>You can build the shared libraries for the sample apps by going into 4134 <code><ndk>/samples/<name>/</code> then calling the <code>ndk-build</code> command. 4135 The generated shared libraries will be located under 4136 <code><ndk>/samples/<name>/libs/armeabi/</code> for (ARMv5TE machine code) and/or 4137 <code><ndk>/samples/<name>/libs/armeabi-v7a/</code> for (ARMv7 machine code).</p> 4138 4139 <p>Next, build the sample Android applications that use the shared libraries:</p> 4140 4141 <ul> 4142 <li>If you are developing in Eclipse with ADT, use the New Project Wizard to create a new 4143 Android project for each sample, using the "Import from Existing Source" option and importing 4144 the source from <code><ndk>/samples/<name>/</code>. Then, set up an AVD, 4145 if necessary, and build/run the application in the emulator.</li> 4146 4147 <li>If you are developing with Ant, use the <code>android</code> tool to create the build file 4148 for each of the sample projects at <code><ndk>/samples/<name>/</code>. 4149 Then set up an AVD, if necessary, build your project in the usual way, and run it in the 4150 emulator.</li> 4151 4152 </ul> 4153 4154 <p>For more information about developing with the Android SDK tools and what 4155 you need to do to create, build, and run your applications, see 4156 the <a href="{@docRoot}tools/workflow/index.html">Overview</a> 4157 section for developing on Android.</p> 4158 4159 4160 4161 <h4 id="hello-jni">Exploring the hello-jni Sample</h4> 4162 4163 <p>The hello-jni sample is a simple demonstration on how to use JNI from an Android application. 4164 The HelloJni activity receives a string from a simple C function and displays it in a 4165 TextView.</p> 4166 4167 <p>The main components of the sample include:</p> 4168 4169 <ul> 4170 <li>The familiar basic structure of an Android application (an <code>AndroidManifest.xml</code> 4171 file, a <code>src/</code> and <code>res</code> directories, and a main activity)</li> 4172 4173 <li>A <code>jni/</code> directory that includes the implemented source file for the native code 4174 as well as the Android.mk file</li> 4175 4176 <li>A <code>tests/</code> directory that contains unit test code.</li> 4177 </ul> 4178 4179 <ol> 4180 <li>Create a new project in Eclipse from the existing sample source or use the 4181 <code>android</code> tool to update the project so it generates a build.xml file that you can 4182 use to build the sample. 4183 4184 <ul> 4185 <li>In Eclipse: 4186 4187 <ol type="a"> 4188 <li>Click <strong>File > New Android Project...</strong></li> 4189 4190 <li>Select the <strong>Create project from existing source</strong> radio button.</li> 4191 4192 <li>Select any API level above Android 1.5.</li> 4193 4194 <li>In the <strong>Location</strong> field, click <strong>Browse...</strong> and select 4195 the <code><ndk-root>/samples/hello-jni</code> directory.</li> 4196 4197 <li>Click <strong>Finish</strong>.</li> 4198 </ol> 4199 </li> 4200 4201 <li>On the command line: 4202 4203 <ol type="a"> 4204 <li>Change to the <code><ndk-root>/samples/hello-jni</code> directory.</li> 4205 4206 <li>Run the following command to generate a build.xml file: 4207 <pre class="no-pretty-print">android update project -p . -s</pre> 4208 </li> 4209 </ol> 4210 </li> 4211 </ul> 4212 </li> 4213 4214 <li>Compile the native code using the <code>ndk-build</code> command. 4215 <pre class="no-pretty-print"> 4216cd <ndk-root>/samples/hello-jni 4217<ndk_root>/ndk-build 4218</pre> 4219 </li> 4220 4221 <li>Build and install the application as you would a normal Android application. If you are 4222 using Eclipse, run the application to build and install it on a device. If you are using Ant, 4223 run the following commands from the project directory: 4224 <pre class="no-pretty-print"> 4225ant debug 4226adb install bin/HelloJni-debug.apk 4227</pre> 4228 </li> 4229 </ol> 4230 4231 <p>When you run the application on the device, the string <code>Hello JNI</code> should appear on 4232 your device. You can explore the rest of the samples that are located in the 4233 <code><ndk-root>/samples</code> directory for more examples on how to use the JNI.</p> 4234 4235 4236 4237 <h4 id="native-activity">Exploring the native-activity Sample Application</h4> 4238 4239 <p>The native-activity sample provided with the Android NDK demonstrates how to use the 4240 android_native_app_glue static library. This static library makes creating a native activity 4241 easier by providing you with an implementation that handles your callbacks in another thread, so 4242 you do not have to worry about them blocking your main UI thread. The main parts of the sample 4243 are described below:</p> 4244 4245 <ul> 4246 <li>The familiar basic structure of an Android application (an <code>AndroidManifest.xml</code> 4247 file, a <code>src/</code> and <code>res</code> directories). The AndroidManifest.xml declares 4248 that the application is native and specifies the .so file of the native activity. See {@link 4249 android.app.NativeActivity} for the source or see the 4250 <code><ndk_root>/platforms/samples/native-activity/AndroidManifest.xml</code> file.</li> 4251 4252 <li>A <code>jni/</code> directory contains the native activity, main.c, which uses the 4253 <code>android_native_app_glue.h</code> interface to implement the activity. The Android.mk that 4254 describes the native module to the build system also exists here.</li> 4255 </ul> 4256 4257 <p>To build this sample application:</p> 4258 4259 <ol> 4260 <li>Create a new project in Eclipse from the existing sample source or use the 4261 <code>android</code> tool to update the project so it generates a build.xml file that you can 4262 use to build the sample. 4263 4264 <ul> 4265 <li>In Eclipse: 4266 4267 <ol type="a"> 4268 <li>Click <strong>File > New Android Project...</strong></li> 4269 4270 <li>Select the <strong>Create project from existing source</strong> radio button.</li> 4271 4272 <li>Select any API level above Android 2.3.</li> 4273 4274 <li>In the <strong>Location</strong> field, click <strong>Browse...</strong> and select 4275 the <code><ndk-root>/samples/native-activity</code> directory.</li> 4276 4277 <li>Click <strong>Finish</strong>.</li> 4278 </ol> 4279 </li> 4280 4281 <li>On the command line: 4282 4283 <ol type="a"> 4284 <li>Change to the <code><ndk-root>/samples/native-activity</code> directory.</li> 4285 4286 <li>Run the following command to generate a build.xml file: 4287 <pre class="no-pretty-print"> 4288android update project -p . -s 4289</pre> 4290 </li> 4291 </ol> 4292 </li> 4293 </ul> 4294 </li> 4295 4296 <li>Compile the native code using the <code>ndk-build</code> command. 4297 <pre class="no-pretty-print"> 4298cd <ndk-root>/platforms/samples/android-9/samples/native-activity 4299<ndk_root>/ndk-build 4300</pre> 4301 </li> 4302 4303 <li>Build and install the application as you would a normal Android application. If you are 4304 using Eclipse, run the application to build and install it on a device. If you are using Ant, 4305 run the following commands in the project directory, then run the application on the device: 4306 <pre class="no-pretty-print"> 4307ant debug 4308adb install bin/NativeActivity-debug.apk 4309</pre> 4310 </li> 4311 </ol> 4312
