xref: /art/compiler/dex/verified_method.cc

/*
 * Copyright (C) 2014 The Android Open Source Project
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

#include "verified_method.h"

#include <algorithm>
#include <memory>
#include <vector>

#include "art_method-inl.h"
#include "base/logging.h"
#include "base/stl_util.h"
#include "dex_file.h"
#include "dex_instruction-inl.h"
#include "dex_instruction_utils.h"
#include "mirror/class-inl.h"
#include "mirror/dex_cache-inl.h"
#include "mirror/object-inl.h"
#include "utils.h"
#include "verifier/dex_gc_map.h"
#include "verifier/method_verifier-inl.h"
#include "verifier/reg_type-inl.h"
#include "verifier/register_line-inl.h"

namespace art {

const VerifiedMethod* VerifiedMethod::Create(verifier::MethodVerifier* method_verifier,
                                             bool compile) {
  std::unique_ptr<VerifiedMethod> verified_method(new VerifiedMethod);
  verified_method->has_verification_failures_ = method_verifier->HasFailures();
  verified_method->has_runtime_throw_ = method_verifier->HasInstructionThatWillThrow();
  if (compile) {
    /* Generate a register map. */
    if (!verified_method->GenerateGcMap(method_verifier)) {
      return nullptr;  // Not a real failure, but a failure to encode.
    }
    if (kIsDebugBuild) {
      VerifyGcMap(method_verifier, verified_method->dex_gc_map_);
    }

    // TODO: move this out when DEX-to-DEX supports devirtualization.
    if (method_verifier->HasVirtualOrInterfaceInvokes()) {
      verified_method->GenerateDevirtMap(method_verifier);
    }

    // Only need dequicken info for JIT so far.
    if (Runtime::Current()->UseJit() && !verified_method->GenerateDequickenMap(method_verifier)) {
      return nullptr;
    }
  }

  if (method_verifier->HasCheckCasts()) {
    verified_method->GenerateSafeCastSet(method_verifier);
  }

  verified_method->SetStringInitPcRegMap(method_verifier->GetStringInitPcRegMap());

  return verified_method.release();
}

const MethodReference* VerifiedMethod::GetDevirtTarget(uint32_t dex_pc) const {
  auto it = devirt_map_.find(dex_pc);
  return (it != devirt_map_.end()) ? &it->second : nullptr;
}

const DexFileReference* VerifiedMethod::GetDequickenIndex(uint32_t dex_pc) const {
  DCHECK(Runtime::Current()->UseJit());
  auto it = dequicken_map_.find(dex_pc);
  return (it != dequicken_map_.end()) ? &it->second : nullptr;
}

bool VerifiedMethod::IsSafeCast(uint32_t pc) const {
  return std::binary_search(safe_cast_set_.begin(), safe_cast_set_.end(), pc);
}

bool VerifiedMethod::GenerateGcMap(verifier::MethodVerifier* method_verifier) {
  DCHECK(dex_gc_map_.empty());
  size_t num_entries, ref_bitmap_bits, pc_bits;
  ComputeGcMapSizes(method_verifier, &num_entries, &ref_bitmap_bits, &pc_bits);
  const size_t ref_bitmap_bytes = RoundUp(ref_bitmap_bits, kBitsPerByte) / kBitsPerByte;
  static constexpr size_t kFormatBits = 3;
  // We have 16 - kFormatBits available for the ref_bitmap_bytes.
  if ((ref_bitmap_bytes >> (16u - kFormatBits)) != 0) {
    LOG(WARNING) << "Cannot encode GC map for method with " << ref_bitmap_bits << " registers: "
                 << PrettyMethod(method_verifier->GetMethodReference().dex_method_index,
                                 *method_verifier->GetMethodReference().dex_file);
    return false;
  }
  // There are 2 bytes to encode the number of entries.
  if (num_entries >= 65536) {
    LOG(WARNING) << "Cannot encode GC map for method with " << num_entries << " entries: "
                 << PrettyMethod(method_verifier->GetMethodReference().dex_method_index,
                                 *method_verifier->GetMethodReference().dex_file);
    return false;
  }
  size_t pc_bytes;
  verifier::RegisterMapFormat format;
  if (pc_bits <= kBitsPerByte) {
    format = verifier::kRegMapFormatCompact8;
    pc_bytes = 1;
  } else if (pc_bits <= kBitsPerByte * 2) {
    format = verifier::kRegMapFormatCompact16;
    pc_bytes = 2;
  } else {
    LOG(WARNING) << "Cannot encode GC map for method with "
                 << (1 << pc_bits) << " instructions (number is rounded up to nearest power of 2): "
                 << PrettyMethod(method_verifier->GetMethodReference().dex_method_index,
                                 *method_verifier->GetMethodReference().dex_file);
    return false;
  }
  size_t table_size = ((pc_bytes + ref_bitmap_bytes) * num_entries) + 4;
  dex_gc_map_.reserve(table_size);
  // Write table header.
  dex_gc_map_.push_back(format | ((ref_bitmap_bytes & ~0xFF) >> (kBitsPerByte - kFormatBits)));
  dex_gc_map_.push_back(ref_bitmap_bytes & 0xFF);
  dex_gc_map_.push_back(num_entries & 0xFF);
  dex_gc_map_.push_back((num_entries >> 8) & 0xFF);
  // Write table data.
  const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item = method_verifier->CodeItem();
  for (size_t i = 0; i < code_item->insns_size_in_code_units_; i++) {
    if (method_verifier->GetInstructionFlags(i).IsCompileTimeInfoPoint()) {
      dex_gc_map_.push_back(i & 0xFF);
      if (pc_bytes == 2) {
        dex_gc_map_.push_back((i >> 8) & 0xFF);
      }
      verifier::RegisterLine* line = method_verifier->GetRegLine(i);
      line->WriteReferenceBitMap(method_verifier, &dex_gc_map_, ref_bitmap_bytes);
    }
  }
  DCHECK_EQ(dex_gc_map_.size(), table_size);
  return true;
}

void VerifiedMethod::VerifyGcMap(verifier::MethodVerifier* method_verifier,
                                 const std::vector<uint8_t>& data) {
  // Check that for every GC point there is a map entry, there aren't entries for non-GC points,
  // that the table data is well formed and all references are marked (or not) in the bitmap.
  verifier::DexPcToReferenceMap map(&data[0]);
  CHECK_EQ(data.size(), map.RawSize()) << map.NumEntries() << " " << map.RegWidth();
  size_t map_index = 0;
  const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item = method_verifier->CodeItem();
  for (size_t i = 0; i < code_item->insns_size_in_code_units_; i++) {
    const uint8_t* reg_bitmap = map.FindBitMap(i, false);
    if (method_verifier->GetInstructionFlags(i).IsCompileTimeInfoPoint()) {
      DCHECK_LT(map_index, map.NumEntries());
      DCHECK_EQ(map.GetDexPc(map_index), i);
      DCHECK_EQ(map.GetBitMap(map_index), reg_bitmap);
      map_index++;
      verifier::RegisterLine* line = method_verifier->GetRegLine(i);
      for (size_t j = 0; j < code_item->registers_size_; j++) {
        if (line->GetRegisterType(method_verifier, j).IsNonZeroReferenceTypes()) {
          DCHECK_LT(j / kBitsPerByte, map.RegWidth());
          DCHECK_EQ((reg_bitmap[j / kBitsPerByte] >> (j % kBitsPerByte)) & 1, 1);
        } else if ((j / kBitsPerByte) < map.RegWidth()) {
          DCHECK_EQ((reg_bitmap[j / kBitsPerByte] >> (j % kBitsPerByte)) & 1, 0);
        } else {
          // If a register doesn't contain a reference then the bitmap may be shorter than the line.
        }
      }
    } else {
      DCHECK(i >= 65536 || reg_bitmap == nullptr);
    }
  }
}

void VerifiedMethod::ComputeGcMapSizes(verifier::MethodVerifier* method_verifier,
                                       size_t* gc_points, size_t* ref_bitmap_bits,
                                       size_t* log2_max_gc_pc) {
  size_t local_gc_points = 0;
  size_t max_insn = 0;
  size_t max_ref_reg = -1;
  const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item = method_verifier->CodeItem();
  for (size_t i = 0; i < code_item->insns_size_in_code_units_; i++) {
    if (method_verifier->GetInstructionFlags(i).IsCompileTimeInfoPoint()) {
      local_gc_points++;
      max_insn = i;
      verifier::RegisterLine* line = method_verifier->GetRegLine(i);
      max_ref_reg = line->GetMaxNonZeroReferenceReg(method_verifier, max_ref_reg);
    }
  }
  *gc_points = local_gc_points;
  *ref_bitmap_bits = max_ref_reg + 1;  // If max register is 0 we need 1 bit to encode (ie +1).
  size_t i = 0;
  while ((1U << i) <= max_insn) {
    i++;
  }
  *log2_max_gc_pc = i;
}

bool VerifiedMethod::GenerateDequickenMap(verifier::MethodVerifier* method_verifier) {
  if (method_verifier->HasFailures()) {
    return false;
  }
  const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item = method_verifier->CodeItem();
  const uint16_t* insns = code_item->insns_;
  const Instruction* inst = Instruction::At(insns);
  const Instruction* end = Instruction::At(insns + code_item->insns_size_in_code_units_);
  for (; inst < end; inst = inst->Next()) {
    const bool is_virtual_quick = inst->Opcode() == Instruction::INVOKE_VIRTUAL_QUICK;
    const bool is_range_quick = inst->Opcode() == Instruction::INVOKE_VIRTUAL_RANGE_QUICK;
    if (is_virtual_quick || is_range_quick) {
      uint32_t dex_pc = inst->GetDexPc(insns);
      verifier::RegisterLine* line = method_verifier->GetRegLine(dex_pc);
      ArtMethod* method =
          method_verifier->GetQuickInvokedMethod(inst, line, is_range_quick, true);
      if (method == nullptr) {
        // It can be null if the line wasn't verified since it was unreachable.
        return false;
      }
      // The verifier must know what the type of the object was or else we would have gotten a
      // failure. Put the dex method index in the dequicken map since we need this to get number of
      // arguments in the compiler.
      dequicken_map_.Put(dex_pc, DexFileReference(method->GetDexFile(),
                                                  method->GetDexMethodIndex()));
    } else if (IsInstructionIGetQuickOrIPutQuick(inst->Opcode())) {
      uint32_t dex_pc = inst->GetDexPc(insns);
      verifier::RegisterLine* line = method_verifier->GetRegLine(dex_pc);
      ArtField* field = method_verifier->GetQuickFieldAccess(inst, line);
      if (field == nullptr) {
        // It can be null if the line wasn't verified since it was unreachable.
        return false;
      }
      // The verifier must know what the type of the field was or else we would have gotten a
      // failure. Put the dex field index in the dequicken map since we need this for lowering
      // in the compiler.
      // TODO: Putting a field index in a method reference is gross.
      dequicken_map_.Put(dex_pc, DexFileReference(field->GetDexFile(), field->GetDexFieldIndex()));
    }
  }
  return true;
}

void VerifiedMethod::GenerateDevirtMap(verifier::MethodVerifier* method_verifier) {
  // It is risky to rely on reg_types for sharpening in cases of soft
  // verification, we might end up sharpening to a wrong implementation. Just abort.
  if (method_verifier->HasFailures()) {
    return;
  }

  const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item = method_verifier->CodeItem();
  const uint16_t* insns = code_item->insns_;
  const Instruction* inst = Instruction::At(insns);
  const Instruction* end = Instruction::At(insns + code_item->insns_size_in_code_units_);

  for (; inst < end; inst = inst->Next()) {
    const bool is_virtual = inst->Opcode() == Instruction::INVOKE_VIRTUAL ||
        inst->Opcode() == Instruction::INVOKE_VIRTUAL_RANGE;
    const bool is_interface = inst->Opcode() == Instruction::INVOKE_INTERFACE ||
        inst->Opcode() == Instruction::INVOKE_INTERFACE_RANGE;

    if (!is_interface && !is_virtual) {
      continue;
    }
    // Get reg type for register holding the reference to the object that will be dispatched upon.
    uint32_t dex_pc = inst->GetDexPc(insns);
    verifier::RegisterLine* line = method_verifier->GetRegLine(dex_pc);
    const bool is_range = inst->Opcode() == Instruction::INVOKE_VIRTUAL_RANGE ||
        inst->Opcode() == Instruction::INVOKE_INTERFACE_RANGE;
    const verifier::RegType&
        reg_type(line->GetRegisterType(method_verifier,
                                       is_range ? inst->VRegC_3rc() : inst->VRegC_35c()));

    if (!reg_type.HasClass()) {
      // We will compute devirtualization information only when we know the Class of the reg type.
      continue;
    }
    mirror::Class* reg_class = reg_type.GetClass();
    if (reg_class->IsInterface()) {
      // We can't devirtualize when the known type of the register is an interface.
      continue;
    }
    if (reg_class->IsAbstract() && !reg_class->IsArrayClass()) {
      // We can't devirtualize abstract classes except on arrays of abstract classes.
      continue;
    }
    auto* cl = Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker();
    size_t pointer_size = cl->GetImagePointerSize();
    ArtMethod* abstract_method = method_verifier->GetDexCache()->GetResolvedMethod(
        is_range ? inst->VRegB_3rc() : inst->VRegB_35c(), pointer_size);
    if (abstract_method == nullptr) {
      // If the method is not found in the cache this means that it was never found
      // by ResolveMethodAndCheckAccess() called when verifying invoke_*.
      continue;
    }
    // Find the concrete method.
    ArtMethod* concrete_method = nullptr;
    if (is_interface) {
      concrete_method = reg_type.GetClass()->FindVirtualMethodForInterface(
          abstract_method, pointer_size);
    }
    if (is_virtual) {
      concrete_method = reg_type.GetClass()->FindVirtualMethodForVirtual(
          abstract_method, pointer_size);
    }
    if (concrete_method == nullptr || concrete_method->IsAbstract()) {
      // In cases where concrete_method is not found, or is abstract, continue to the next invoke.
      continue;
    }
    if (reg_type.IsPreciseReference() || concrete_method->IsFinal() ||
        concrete_method->GetDeclaringClass()->IsFinal()) {
      // If we knew exactly the class being dispatched upon, or if the target method cannot be
      // overridden record the target to be used in the compiler driver.
      devirt_map_.Put(dex_pc, concrete_method->ToMethodReference());
    }
  }
}

void VerifiedMethod::GenerateSafeCastSet(verifier::MethodVerifier* method_verifier) {
  /*
   * Walks over the method code and adds any cast instructions in which
   * the type cast is implicit to a set, which is used in the code generation
   * to elide these casts.
   */
  if (method_verifier->HasFailures()) {
    return;
  }
  const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item = method_verifier->CodeItem();
  const Instruction* inst = Instruction::At(code_item->insns_);
  const Instruction* end = Instruction::At(code_item->insns_ +
                                           code_item->insns_size_in_code_units_);

  for (; inst < end; inst = inst->Next()) {
    Instruction::Code code = inst->Opcode();
    if ((code == Instruction::CHECK_CAST) || (code == Instruction::APUT_OBJECT)) {
      uint32_t dex_pc = inst->GetDexPc(code_item->insns_);
      if (!method_verifier->GetInstructionFlags(dex_pc).IsVisited()) {
        // Do not attempt to quicken this instruction, it's unreachable anyway.
        continue;
      }
      const verifier::RegisterLine* line = method_verifier->GetRegLine(dex_pc);
      bool is_safe_cast = false;
      if (code == Instruction::CHECK_CAST) {
        const verifier::RegType& reg_type(line->GetRegisterType(method_verifier,
                                                                inst->VRegA_21c()));
        const verifier::RegType& cast_type =
            method_verifier->ResolveCheckedClass(inst->VRegB_21c());
        is_safe_cast = cast_type.IsStrictlyAssignableFrom(reg_type);
      } else {
        const verifier::RegType& array_type(line->GetRegisterType(method_verifier,
                                                                  inst->VRegB_23x()));
        // We only know its safe to assign to an array if the array type is precise. For example,
        // an Object[] can have any type of object stored in it, but it may also be assigned a
        // String[] in which case the stores need to be of Strings.
        if (array_type.IsPreciseReference()) {
          const verifier::RegType& value_type(line->GetRegisterType(method_verifier,
                                                                    inst->VRegA_23x()));
          const verifier::RegType& component_type = method_verifier->GetRegTypeCache()
              ->GetComponentType(array_type, method_verifier->GetClassLoader());
          is_safe_cast = component_type.IsStrictlyAssignableFrom(value_type);
        }
      }
      if (is_safe_cast) {
        // Verify ordering for push_back() to the sorted vector.
        DCHECK(safe_cast_set_.empty() || safe_cast_set_.back() < dex_pc);
        safe_cast_set_.push_back(dex_pc);
      }
    }
  }
}

}  // namespace art