1# © 2016 and later: Unicode, Inc. and others.
2# License & terms of use: http://www.unicode.org/copyright.html#License
3#
4# File: am_am_FONIPA.txt
5# Generated from CLDR
6#
7
8# Transforms Amharic (am) to Amharic in phonemic IPA transcription (am_FONIPA).
9#
10# Long vowels, long/geminated consonants:
11#     In the direction from am_FONIPA to am, we emit Ethiopic gemination
12#     and vowel length markers (U+135D, U+135E, U+135F) although
13#     they are rarely written in Amharic text. Exceptions include
14#     school books and textbooks for non-native speakers.
15#     Clients who do not want these markers can easily strip them off
16#     in a post-processing step.
17#
18# Labialization:
19#     Amharic speakers will usually say ሟ as [mʷa] instead of [mwa];
20#     labializing [m] instead of saying [m] followed by a separate [w].
21#     Most Amharic consonants can get labialized. To keep the phonemic
22#     transcription simple, we emit /m/ + /w/; otherwise, our phoneme
23#     set would almost double, and it would include very unusual phonemes
24#     such as /ɲʷ/ or /t\u0361ʃʼʷ/.
25#
26# References:
27#     [1] The Ge’ez Frontier Foundation: “Principles and Specification
28#     for Mnemonic Ethiopic Keyboards.” Version of January 17, 2009;
29#     retrieved on November 4, 2014.
30#     http://keyboards.ethiopic.org/specification/GFF-MnemonicEthiopicKeyboardSpecification.pdf
31#     Other than most online sources, this report uses correct IPA notation
32#     with the exception of /j/, which it consistently (but wrongly)
33#     writes as */y/.
34$IPA_VOWEL = [aeəiɨou];
35$IPA_CONSONANT = [mnɲɴ p{pʼ}bt{tʼ}dk{kʼ}ɡʔʕ fvs{sʼ}zʃʒxh lr {t\u0361ʃ}{t\u0361ʃʼ}{d\u0361ʒ}];
36# Some consonants have a special syllable when labialized, such as ፗ ↔ /pʷa/.
37# Amharic restricts this mostly to /a/ syllables. While the Ethiopic script
38# does offer labialized syllables for other vowels, these are typically
39# not written in Amharic.
40$LABIALIZABLE_BEFORE_A = [p{pʼ}t{tʼ} {t\u0361ʃ}{t\u0361ʃʼ}{d\u0361ʒ}{d\u0361ʒʼ} s{sʼ}zʃʒ fv r];
41← [ ʼ  \u0361  \u035C  \u032F];
42::(null);
43# Appendix B of [1] transcribes ሀ as /hə/. However, according to
44# an Amharic-speaking person, there is no /hə/ sequence
45# in Amharic; instead, it gets pronounced as /ha/.
46ሀ → ha;
47ሀ ← hə;
48ሁ ↔ hu;
49ሂ ↔ hi;
50ሃ ↔ ha;
51ሄ ↔ he;
52ህ ↔ hɨ;
53ሆ ↔ ho;
54ሇ → ho;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /hɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
55ህ ← h;
56ለ ↔ lə;
57ሉ ↔ lu;
58ሊ ↔ li;
59ላ ↔ la;
60ሌ ↔ le;
61ል ↔ lɨ;
62ሎ ↔ lo;
63ⶀ → lo;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /lɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
64ሏ ↔ lwa;
65ል ← l;
66# Appendix B of [1] transcribes ሐ as Voiceless pharyngeal fricative
67# /ħə/.  However, according to an Amharic-speaking person, Amharic
68# makes no difference in pronunciation between ሐ...ሓ and ሀ...ሃ; both
69# are pronounced as Voiceless glottal fricative /h/.  Also, according
70# to the speaker there is no /hə/ sequence in Amharic; instead, it
71# gets pronounced as /ha/.
72ሐ → ha;
73ሑ → hu;
74ሒ → hi;
75ሓ → ha;
76ሔ → he;
77ሕ → hɨ;
78ሖ → ho;
79ሗ → hwa;
80መ ↔ mə;
81ሙ ↔ mu;
82ሚ ↔ mi;
83ማ ↔ ma;
84ሜ ↔ me;
85ም ↔ mɨ;
86ሞ ↔ mo;
87ⶁ → mo;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /mɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
88ᎀ → mwə;  # Sebatbeit /mwə/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
89ᎃ → mwu;  # Sebatbeit /mwu/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
90ᎁ → mwi;  # Sebatbeit /mwi/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
91ሟ ↔ mwa;
92ᎂ → mwe;  # Sebatbeit /mwe/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
93ፙ → mja;  # Unclear which language; Appendix L of [1] transcribes ፙ as /mʲa/.
94ም ← m;
95ሠ → sə;
96ሡ → su;
97ሢ → si;
98ሣ → sa;
99ሤ → se;
100ሥ → sɨ;
101ሦ → so;
102ሧ → swa;
103ረ ↔ rə;
104ሩ ↔ ru;
105ሪ ↔ ri;
106ራ ↔ ra;
107ሬ ↔ re;
108ር ↔ rɨ;
109ሮ ↔ ro;
110ⶂ → ro;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /rɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
111ሯ ↔ rwa;
112ፘ → rja;  # Unclear which language; Appendix L of [1] transcribes ፘ as /rʲa/.
113ር ← r;
114# Amharic speakers pronounce ⶠ like ሸ. Source: [1], Appendix B.
115ⶠ → ʃə;
116ⶡ → ʃu;
117ⶢ → ʃi;
118ⶣ → ʃa;
119ⶤ → ʃe;
120ⶥ → ʃɨ;
121ⶦ → ʃo;
122ሸ ↔ ʃə;
123ሹ ↔ ʃu;
124ሺ ↔ ʃi;
125ሻ ↔ ʃa;
126ሼ ↔ ʃe;
127ሽ ↔ ʃɨ;
128ሾ ↔ ʃo;
129ⶄ → ʃo;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /ʃɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
130ሿ ↔ ʃwa;
131ሽ ← ʃ;
132ቀ ↔ kʼə;
133ቁ ↔ kʼu;
134ቂ ↔ kʼi;
135ቃ ↔ kʼa;
136ቄ ↔ kʼe;
137ቅ ↔ kʼɨ;
138ቆ ↔ kʼo;
139ቇ → kʼo;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /kʼɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
140ቈ ↔ kʼwə;
141ቍ ↔ kʼwu;
142ቊ ↔ kʼwi;
143ቋ ↔ kʼwa;
144ቌ ↔ kʼwe;
145ቅ ← kʼ;
146# In Awngi, Blin, Qimant, and Xamtanga, ቐ is spoken as voiced uvular fricative [ʁ].
147# Source: [1], Appendix C. However, */ʁ/ is not an Amharic phoneme.
148# When reading foreign words with ቐ, Amharic speakers pronounce
149# ቐ like ቀ, i.e. as velar ejective /kʼ/.
150ቐ → kʼə;
151ቑ → kʼu;
152ቒ → kʼi;
153ቓ → kʼa;
154ቔ → kʼe;
155ቕ → kʼɨ;
156ቖ → kʼo;
157ቘ → kʼwə;
158ቝ → kʼwu;
159ቚ → kʼwi;
160ቛ → kʼwa;
161ቜ → kʼwe;
162# In Sebatbeit, ⷀ is spoken as palatalized velar ejective /kʼʲ/ ([1], Appendix H).
163# In Amharic, the syllable is not used, but it might appear in names.
164ⷀ → kʼjə;
165ⷁ → kʼju;
166ⷂ → kʼji;
167ⷃ → kʼja;
168ⷄ → kʼje;
169ⷅ → kʼjɨ;
170ⷆ → kʼjo;
171በ ↔ bə;
172ቡ ↔ bu;
173ቢ ↔ bi;
174ባ ↔ ba;
175ቤ ↔ be;
176ብ ↔ bɨ;
177ቦ ↔ bo;
178ⶅ → bo;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /bɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
179ᎄ → bwə;  # Sebatbeit /bʷə/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
180ᎇ → bwu;  # Sebatbeit /bʷu/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
181ᎅ → bwi;  # Sebatbeit /bʷi/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
182ቧ → bwa;  # Sebatbeit /bʷa/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
183ᎆ → bwe;  # Sebatbeit /bʷe/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
184ብ ← b;
185ቨ ↔ və;
186ቩ ↔ vu;
187ቪ ↔ vi;
188ቫ ↔ va;
189ቬ ↔ ve;
190ቭ ↔ vɨ;
191ቮ ↔ vo;
192ቯ ↔ vwa;
193ቭ ← v;
194# Unclear which Ethiopic language uses ⶨ. It only appears in the
195# “Language Neutral” list of Appendix L in [1], which transcribes it as t\u0361ʃ.
196# For Amharic, we pronounce ⶨ therefore like ቸ.
197ⶨ → t\u0361ʃə;
198ⶩ → t\u0361ʃu;
199ⶪ → t\u0361ʃi;
200ⶫ → t\u0361ʃa;
201ⶬ → t\u0361ʃe;
202ⶭ → t\u0361ʃɨ;
203ⶮ → t\u0361ʃo;
204# In Amharic, ኀ is pronounced like ሀ.
205# Source: [1], section on “Phonological Redundancy” for Amharic, page 5.
206# Appendix B of [1] transcribes ሀ as /hə/. However, according to
207# an Amharic-speaking person, there is no /hə/ sequence in Amharic.
208# Instead, ሀ (and hence also ኀ) gets pronounced as /ha/.
209ኀ → ha;
210ኁ → hu;
211ኂ → hi;
212ኃ → ha;
213ኄ → he;
214ኅ → hɨ;
215ኆ → ho;
216ኇ → ho;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /ŋɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
217ኈ → hwə;
218ኍ → hwu;
219ኊ → hwi;
220ኋ → hwa;
221ኌ → hwe;
222ነ ↔ nə;
223ኑ ↔ nu;
224ኒ ↔ ni;
225ና ↔ na;
226ኔ ↔ ne;
227ን ↔ nɨ;
228ኖ ↔ no;
229ⶈ → no;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /nɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
230ኗ ↔ nwa;
231ን ← n;
232ኘ ↔ ɲə;
233ኙ ↔ ɲu;
234ኚ ↔ ɲi;
235ኛ ↔ ɲa;
236ኜ ↔ ɲe;
237ኝ ↔ ɲɨ;
238ኞ ↔ ɲo;
239ⶉ → ɲo;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /ɲɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
240ኟ ↔ ɲwa;
241ኝ ← ɲ;
242# Amharic speakers pronounce ኸ as [h] because Amharic has no [x] sound.
243# However, in transliterations of foreign (eg. Spanish) words with [x],
244# several Amharic speakers have confirmed that they prefer ኻ over ሃ.
245ዀ → hwə;
246ዂ → hwi;
247ዃ → hwa;
248ዄ → hwe;
249ዅ → hwɨ;
250ኸ → hə;
251ኹ → hu;
252ኺ → hi;
253ኻ → ha;
254ኼ → he;
255ኽ → hɨ;
256ኾ → ho;
257ዀ ← xwə;
258ዂ ← xwi;
259ዃ ← xwa;
260ዄ ← xwe;
261ዅ ← xwɨ;
262ዅ ← xw;
263ኸ ← xə;
264ኹ ← xu;
265ኺ ← xi;
266ኻ ← xa;
267ኼ ← xe;
268ኽ ← xɨ;
269ኾ ← xo;
270ኽ ← x;
271አ ↔ ʔə;
272ኡ ↔ ʔu;
273ኢ ↔ ʔi;
274ኣ ↔ ʔa;
275ኤ ↔ ʔe;
276እ ↔ ʔɨ;
277ኦ ↔ ʔo;
278ⶊ → ʔo;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /ɲɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
279እ ← ʔ;
280ከ ↔ kə;
281ኩ ↔ ku;
282ኪ ↔ ki;
283ካ ↔ ka;
284ኬ ↔ ke;
285ክ ↔ kɨ;
286ኮ ↔ ko;
287ኰ ↔ kwə;
288ኵ ↔ kwu;
289ኲ ↔ kwi;
290ኳ ↔ kwa;
291ኴ ↔ kwe;
292ክ ← k;
293# In Sebatbeit, ⷈ is spoken as palatalized velar plosive /kʲ/ ([1], Appendix H).
294# Amharic speakers pronounce it as /k/ without palatalization.
295ⷈ → kə;
296ⷉ → ku;
297ⷊ → ki;
298ⷋ → ka;
299ⷌ → ke;
300ⷍ → kɨ;
301ⷎ → ko;
302# In Sebatbeit, ⷐ is spoken as palatalized voiceless velar fricative/xʲə/
303# according to [1], Appendix H. When the syllable appears in names,
304# Amharic speakers pronounce it as /kə/ without palatalization.
305ⷐ → kə;
306ⷑ → ku;
307ⷒ → ki;
308ⷓ → ka;
309ⷔ → ke;
310ⷕ → kɨ;
311ⷖ → ko;
312ወ ↔ wə;
313ዉ ↔ wu;
314ዊ ↔ wi;
315ዋ ↔ wa;
316ዌ ↔ we;
317ው ↔ wɨ;
318ዎ ↔ wo;
319ዏ → wo;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /wɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
320ው ← w;
321ዐ ↔ ʕə;
322ዑ ↔ ʕu;
323ዒ ↔ ʕi;
324ዓ ↔ ʕa;
325ዔ ↔ ʕe;
326ዕ ↔ ʕɨ;
327ዖ ↔ ʕo;
328ዒ ← ʕ;
329ዘ ↔ zə;
330ዙ ↔ zu;
331ዚ ↔ zi;
332ዛ ↔ za;
333ዜ ↔ ze;
334ዝ ↔ zɨ;
335ዞ ↔ zo;
336ⶋ → zo;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /zɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
337ዟ ↔ zwa;
338ዝ ← z;
339ዠ ↔ ʒə;
340ዡ ↔ ʒu;
341ዢ ↔ ʒi;
342ዣ ↔ ʒa;
343ዤ ↔ ʒe;
344ዥ ↔ ʒɨ;
345ዦ ↔ ʒo;
346ዧ ↔ ʒwa;
347ዢ ← ʒ;
348# Unclear which Ethiopic language uses ⶰ. It only appears in the
349# “Language Neutral” list of Appendix L in [1], which transcribes it as ʒ.
350# For Amharic, we pronounce ⶰ therefore like ዠ.
351ⶰ → ʒə;
352ⶱ → ʒu;
353ⶲ → ʒi;
354ⶳ → ʒa;
355ⶴ → ʒe;
356ⶵ → ʒɨ;
357ⶶ → ʒo;
358የ ↔ jə;
359ዩ ↔ ju;
360ዪ ↔ ji;
361ያ ↔ ja;
362ዬ ↔ je;
363ይ ↔ jɨ;
364ዮ ↔ jo;
365ዯ → jo;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /zɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
366ይ ← j;
367ጀ ↔ d\u0361ʒə;
368ጁ ↔ d\u0361ʒu;
369ጂ ↔ d\u0361ʒi;
370ጃ ↔ d\u0361ʒa;
371ጄ ↔ d\u0361ʒe;
372ጅ ↔ d\u0361ʒɨ;
373ጆ ↔ d\u0361ʒo;
374ጇ ↔ d\u0361ʒwa;
375ጅ ← d\u0361ʒ;
376ደ ↔ də;
377ዱ ↔ du;
378ዲ ↔ di;
379ዳ ↔ da;
380ዴ ↔ de;
381ድ ↔ dɨ;
382ዶ ↔ do;
383ⶌ → do;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /zɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
384ዷ ↔ dwa;
385ድ ← d;
386ገ ↔ ɡə;
387ጉ ↔ ɡu;
388ጊ ↔ ɡi;
389ጋ ↔ ɡa;
390ጌ ↔ ɡe;
391ግ ↔ ɡɨ;
392ጎ ↔ ɡo;
393ጐ ↔ ɡwə;
394ጕ ↔ ɡwu;
395ጒ ↔ ɡwi;
396ጓ ↔ ɡwa;
397ጔ ↔ ɡwe;
398ግ ← ɡ;
399# In Awngi, Blin, Qimant, and Xamtanga, ጘ is spoken as voiced velar nasal [ŋ].
400# Source: [1], Appendix C. While /ŋ/ is not an Amharic phoneme, Amharic speakers
401# still can pronounce it according to our source. However, when transliterating
402# foreign words with [ŋ], Amharic uses the sequence ንግ /nɡ/. For example,
403# the Amharic transliteration of Washington /waʃiŋtən/ is ዋሺንግተን.
404ጘ → ŋə;
405ጙ → ŋu;
406ጚ → ŋi;
407ጛ → ŋa;
408ጜ → ŋe;
409ጝ → ŋɨ;
410ጞ → ŋo;
411ⶓ → ŋwə;
412ⶖ → ŋwu;
413ⶔ → ŋwi;
414ጟ → ŋwa;
415ⶕ → ŋwe;
416# Since there is no uvular nasal [ɴ] in Amharic, we use the velar nasal [ŋ].
417ጘ ← ɴə;
418ጙ ← ɴu;
419ጚ ← ɴi;
420ጛ ← ɴa;
421ጜ ← ɴe;
422ጝ ← ɴɨ;
423ጞ ← ɴo;
424ጝ ← ɴ;
425# In Sebatbeit, ⷘ is spoken as palatalized voiced velar stop /ɡj/ ([1], Appendix H).
426# Amharic speakers pronounce it as voiced velar stop /ɡ/ without palatalization.
427ⷘ → ɡə;
428ⷙ → ɡu;
429ⷚ → ɡi;
430ⷛ → ɡa;
431ⷜ → ɡe;
432ⷝ → ɡɨ;
433ⷞ → ɡo;
434ጠ ↔ tʼə;
435ጡ ↔ tʼu;
436ጢ ↔ tʼi;
437ጣ ↔ tʼa;
438ጤ ↔ tʼe;
439ጥ ↔ tʼɨ;
440ጦ ↔ tʼo;
441ጧ ↔ tʼwa;
442ጢ ← tʼ;
443ጨ ↔ t\u0361ʃʼə;
444ጩ ↔ t\u0361ʃʼu;
445ጪ ↔ t\u0361ʃʼi;
446ጫ ↔ t\u0361ʃʼa;
447ጬ ↔ t\u0361ʃʼe;
448ጭ ↔ t\u0361ʃʼɨ;
449ጮ ↔ t\u0361ʃʼo;
450ⶐ → t\u0361ʃʼo;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /t\u0361ʃʼɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
451ጯ ↔ t\u0361ʃʼwa;
452ጪ ← t\u0361ʃʼ;
453# According to Appendix B of [1], the following are used in the Bench language
454# (aka Benchnon, Gimira). In Bench, ⶻ is pronounced as /ʈ\u0361ʂʼ/ Retroflex
455# ejective affricate; with a phonemic distrinction to the non-retroflex version.
456# Amharic does not have retroflex phonemes, so we go with /t\u0361ʃʼ/.
457ⶸ → t\u0361ʃʼə;
458ⶹ → t\u0361ʃʼu;
459ⶺ → t\u0361ʃʼi;
460ⶻ → t\u0361ʃʼa;
461ⶼ → t\u0361ʃʼe;
462ⶽ → t\u0361ʃʼɨ;
463ⶾ → t\u0361ʃʼo;
464ቸ ↔ t\u0361ʃə;
465ቹ ↔ t\u0361ʃu;
466ቺ ↔ t\u0361ʃi;
467ቻ ↔ t\u0361ʃa;
468ቼ ↔ t\u0361ʃe;
469ች ↔ t\u0361ʃɨ;
470ቾ ↔ t\u0361ʃo;
471ቿ ↔ t\u0361ʃwa;
472ች ← t\u0361ʃ;
473ተ ↔ tə;
474ቱ ↔ tu;
475ቲ ↔ ti;
476ታ ↔ ta;
477ቴ ↔ te;
478ት ↔ tɨ;
479ቶ ↔ to;
480ⶆ → to;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /tɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
481ቷ ↔ twa;
482ት ← t;
483ጰ ↔ pʼə;
484ጱ ↔ pʼu;
485ጲ ↔ pʼi;
486ጳ ↔ pʼa;
487ጴ ↔ pʼe;
488ጵ ↔ pʼɨ;
489ጶ ↔ pʼo;
490ⶑ → pʼo;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /pʼɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
491ጷ ↔ pʼwa;
492ጵ ← pʼ;
493ጸ ↔ sʼə;
494ጹ ↔ sʼu;
495ጺ ↔ sʼi;
496ጻ ↔ sʼa;
497ጼ ↔ sʼe;
498ጽ ↔ sʼɨ;
499ጾ ↔ sʼo;
500ጿ ↔ sʼwa;
501ጽ ← sʼ;
502# In Amharic, ፀ is pronounced like ጸ.
503# Source: [1], section on “Phonological Redundancy” for Amharic, page 5.
504ፀ → sʼə;
505ፁ → sʼu;
506ፂ → sʼi;
507ፃ → sʼa;
508ፄ → sʼe;
509ፅ → sʼɨ;
510ፆ → sʼo;
511ፇ → sʼo;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /sʼɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
512# Amharic speakers pronounce ሰ like ሠ. Source: [1], Appendix B.
513ሰ ↔ sə;
514ሱ ↔ su;
515ሲ ↔ si;
516ሳ ↔ sa;
517ሴ ↔ se;
518ስ ↔ sɨ;
519ሶ ↔ so;
520ⶃ → so;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /sɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
521ሷ ↔ swa;
522ስ ← s;
523ፈ ↔ fə;
524ፉ ↔ fu;
525ፊ ↔ fi;
526ፋ ↔ fa;
527ፌ ↔ fe;
528ፍ ↔ fɨ;
529ፎ ↔ fo;
530ᎈ → fwə;  # Sebatbeit /fwə/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
531ᎉ → fwu;  # Sebatbeit /fwu/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
532ᎋ → fwi;  # Sebatbeit /fwi/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
533ፏ ↔ fwa;
534ᎊ → fwe;  # Sebatbeit /fwe/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
535ፚ → fja;  # Unclear which language; Appendix L of [1] transcribes ፚ as /fja/.
536ፍ ← f;
537ፐ ↔ pə;
538ፑ ↔ pu;
539ፒ ↔ pi;
540ፓ ↔ pa;
541ፔ ↔ pe;
542ፕ ↔ pɨ;
543ፖ ↔ po;
544ⶒ → po;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /pɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
545ᎌ → pwə;  # Sebatbeit /pwə/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
546ᎍ → pwu;  # Sebatbeit /pwu/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
547ᎏ → pwi;  # Sebatbeit /pwi/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
548ፗ ↔ pwa;
549ᎎ → pwe;  # Sebatbeit /pwe/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
550ፕ ← p;
551ኧ ↔ ə;
552ኡ ← u;  # ኡላዓን ባዓታር ← Ulaan Baatar /ulaʕan baʕatar/
553አ ← a;  # አምስተርዳም ← Amsterdam /amstərdam/
554ኤ ← e;
555እ ← ɨ;
556ኦ ← o;  # ፖርት ኦፍ ስፔን ← Port of Spain /port of speːn/
557ኢ ← i;  # ኢስላማባድ ← Islamabad /islamabad/
558# Applications will typically split words before calling our rules.
559# To be resilient, we replace punctuation by whitespace in IPA.
560፠ → ' ';  # U+1360 ETHIOPIC SECTION MARK
561፡ → ' ';  # U+1361 ETHIOPIC WORDSPACE
562። → ' ';  # U+1362 ETHIOPIC FULL STOP
563፣ → ' ';  # U+1363 ETHIOPIC COMMA
564፤ → ' ';  # U+1364 ETHIOPIC SEMICOLON
565፥ → ' ';  # U+1365 ETHIOPIC COLON
566፦ → ' ';  # U+1366 ETHIOPIC PREFACE COLON
567፧ → ' ';  # U+1367 ETHIOPIC QUESTION MARK
568፨ → ' ';  # U+1368 ETHIOPIC PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR
569# Likewise, Ethiopic numberals cannot be pronounced by these rules,
570# so we replace them by whitespace in the output IPA notation.
571# Applications will typically pre-process text before calling
572# the am → am_FONIPA transform.
573፩ → ' ';  # U+1369 ETHIOPIC DIGIT ONE
574፪ → ' ';  # U+136A ETHIOPIC DIGIT TWO
575፫ → ' ';  # U+136B ETHIOPIC DIGIT THREE
576፬ → ' ';  # U+136C ETHIOPIC DIGIT FOUR
577፭ → ' ';  # U+136D ETHIOPIC DIGIT FIVE
578፮ → ' ';  # U+136E ETHIOPIC DIGIT SIX
579፯ → ' ';  # U+136F ETHIOPIC DIGIT SEVEN
580፰ → ' ';  # U+1370 ETHIOPIC DIGIT EIGHT
581፱ → ' ';  # U+1371 ETHIOPIC DIGIT NINE
582፲ → ' ';  # U+1372 ETHIOPIC NUMBER TEN
583፳ → ' ';  # U+1373 ETHIOPIC NUMBER TWENTY
584፴ → ' ';  # U+1374 ETHIOPIC NUMBER THIRTY
585፵ → ' ';  # U+1375 ETHIOPIC NUMBER FORTY
586፶ → ' ';  # U+1376 ETHIOPIC NUMBER FIFTY
587፷ → ' ';  # U+1377 ETHIOPIC NUMBER SIXTY
588፸ → ' ';  # U+1378 ETHIOPIC NUMBER SEVENTY
589፹ → ' ';  # U+1379 ETHIOPIC NUMBER EIGHTY
590፺ → ' ';  # U+137A ETHIOPIC NUMBER NINETY
591፻ → ' ';  # U+137B ETHIOPIC NUMBER HUNDRED
592፼ → ' ';  # U+137C ETHIOPIC NUMBER TEN THOUSAND
593# Transform IPA length markers to one of these:
594# U+135D ETHIOPIC COMBINING GEMINATION AND VOWEL LENGTH MARK
595# U+135E ETHIOPIC COMBINING VOWEL LENGTH MARK
596# U+135F ETHIOPIC COMBINING GEMINATION MARK
597::null();
598← ː ;  # Strip off any remaining IPA length markers.
599::(null);
600($IPA_CONSONANT) ([jw]? $IPA_VOWEL) \u135D → $1 ː $2 ː;
601($IPA_CONSONANT) ([jw]? $IPA_VOWEL) \u135E → $1 $2 ː;
602($IPA_CONSONANT) ([jw]? $IPA_VOWEL?) \u135F → $1 ː $2;
603[\u135D \u135E \u135F] → ;  # Strip off any remaining length markers.
604$1 wa \u135D ← ($LABIALIZABLE_BEFORE_A) ː waː;  # ቷ\u135D ← [tːʷaː]
605$1 wa \u135E ← ($LABIALIZABLE_BEFORE_A)   waː;  # ቷ\u135E ← [tʷaː]
606$1 wa \u135F ← ($LABIALIZABLE_BEFORE_A) ː wa;   # አቷ\u135F ← [tːʷa]
607$1 \u135F $2 \u135E ← ([b $LABIALIZABLE_BEFORE_A]) ː ([jw] $IPA_VOWEL) ː;
608$1 \u135F $2 ← {([b $LABIALIZABLE_BEFORE_A]) ː ([jw] $IPA_VOWEL?)};
609$1 \u135E ← ($IPA_VOWEL ː);
610$1 \u135D ← (jː $IPA_VOWEL ː);
611$1 \u135E ← ([jw] $IPA_VOWEL ː);
612$1 \u135F ← (jː $IPA_VOWEL?);
613$1 \u135D ← ($IPA_CONSONANT ː [w]? $IPA_VOWEL ː);
614$1 \u135E ← ($IPA_CONSONANT [w]? $IPA_VOWEL ː);
615$1 \u135F ← ($IPA_CONSONANT ː [w]? $IPA_VOWEL?);
616# Insert syllable markers in a separate pass.
617::null;
618{($IPA_VOWEL ː?)} [[:L:]] → $1 \.;
619::(null);
620← [ˈˌ\. \u0303\u032F];
621aj ← ai;     # Nairobi /nairobi/ ናይሮቢ, Cairo /kairo/ ካይሮ
622aw ← au;     # Bissau /bisːau/ ቢሳው
623eji ← ei;    # Beijing /beid\u0361ʒiŋ/ ቤዪጂንግ
624ewo ← eo;    # Montevideo /montevideo/ ሞንቴቪዴዎ
625ija ← ia;    # Monrovia /monrovia/ ሞንሮቪያ
626ijə ← iə;    # Reunion /rijunijən/ ሪዩኒየን
627iw ← iu;     # Vilnius /vilnius/ ቪልኒውስ, New Delhi /niu deːli/ ኒው ዴሊ
628jo ← io;     # Tokyo /tokio/ ቶክዮ
629nɡ ← ŋɡ;     # Kongo /koŋɡo/ ኮንጎ, Hungary /həŋɡari/ ሀንጋሪ
630nɡ ← ŋ;      # Bangkok /baŋkok/ ባንግኮክ, Beijing /beid\u0361ʒiŋ/ ቤዪጂንግ
631uwa ← ua;    # Kuala Lumpur /kuala lumpur/ ኩዋላ ሉምፑር, Ruanda /ruanda/ ሩዋንዳ
632bwe ← bue;   # Buenos Aires /buenos aires/ ብዌኖስ አይሬስ
633sʼ ← t\u0361s;     # Podgorica /podɡorit\u0361sa/ ፖድጎሪጻ, Vaduz /fadut\u0361s/ ፋዱጽ
634uwi ← ui;    # Port Luis /port luis/ ፖርት ሉዊስ
635uwe ← ue;    # Lithuania /lituenia/ ሊቱዌኒያ, Venezuela /venɨzuela/ ቬንዙዌላ
636::(null);
637ʔə ← \. ə;
638ʔu ← \. u;
639ʔi ← \. i;
640ʔa ← \. a;
641ʔe ← \. e;
642ʔɨ ← \. ɨ;
643ʔo ← \. o;
644$1 w ← {($IPA_VOWEL ː?) \u032F} $IPA_VOWEL;  # /ewowa/ ← /e\u032Fo\u032Fa/
645::(null);
646n ← [n {n\u033C} {n\u033C\u030A} {m\u033A} {n\u030A} {n\u0325} ⁿ ᵑ];
647m ← [ɱ {m\u0325} {m\u032A} ᵐ];
648ɲ ← [{ɳ\u030A} {ɳ\u0325} ɳ {ɲ\u030A} {ɲ\u0325} ɲ];
649ŋ ← [{ŋ\u030A} {ŋ\u0325} ŋ];
650ɴ ← [{ɴ\u030A} {ɴ\u0325} ɴ];
651p ← [{t\u033C} {p\u033A}];
652pʼ ← [ʘ ɋ];
653b ← [{d\u033C} {b\u033A} {ɾ\u033C} ɓ];
654t ← [{t\u032A} ʈ];
655tʼ ← [ǁ ʖ];
656d ← [ɖ ɗ ᶑ];
657k ← q;
658kʼ ←  [ǃ ʗ];
659ɡ ← [g ɢ ɣ ɠ ʛ];
660nɡ ← ᵑɡ;
661ʔ ← ʡ;
662s ← [θ {θ\u0331} {θ\u031E} {θ\u033C} {ɸ\u033A}];
663z ← [ð {ð\u0320} {ð\u033C} {β\u033A}];
664sʼ ← [{t\u0361s} {t\u035Cs} ʦ];
665t\u0361ʃ ← [{t\u035Cʃ} ʧ {t\u0361ɕ} {t\u035Cɕ} ʨ {ʈ\u0361ʂ} c];
666t\u0361ʃʼ ← [ǀ ʇ ǂ ʄ];
667d\u0361ʒ ← [ʤ ʣ {d\u0361z} {d\u035Cz} {d\u0361ɕ} ʥ {d\u0361ʑ} {d\u035Cʑ} {ɖ\u0361ʐ} {d\u0361ʐ} ɟ];
668pf ← [{p\u032A} {p\u0346} ȹ {p\u0361f} {p\u032Af} {p\u032A\u035Cf}];
669bv ← [{b\u032A} {b\u0346} ȸ {b\u0361v} {b\u032A\u0361v}];
670ʃ ← [ʂ ɕ];
671ʒ ← [ʐ ʑ];
672r ← [ɾ ɽ ʁ];
673rːʒ ← r\u031Dː;
674rʒ ← r\u031D;
675v ← β;
676x ← [ç x χ];
677ʕ ← ʕ\u031D;
678h ← ɦ;
679j ← [ʝ ʲ];
680lj ← ʎ [iɨ]? [jʝʲ]?;
681t\u0361ʃl ← [{t\u0361ɬ} {tɬ}];
682ʃl ← ɬ;
683w ← {u\u032F} $IPA_VOWEL;
684w ← ʷ;
685ʼː ← ːʼ;  # /pʼː/ ← /pːʼ/; /sʼː/ ← /sːʼ/; etc.
686::(null);
687i ← y;
688ɨ ← [ɪ ʉ];
689u ← [ʊ ɯ];
690ə ← [ɛ æ ɘ];
691o ← [ɔ ø];
692a ← ɑ;
693ʼ ← ʰ;
694← [ʱ];
695$1ːʲ ← ([pbtd])ʲː;  # [bːʲeː] ← [bʲːeː]
696$1ːʷ ← ([pbtd])ʷː;  # [bːʷeː] ← [bʷːeː]
697::(NFC);
698← [ \u0303  \u0330  \u030B  \u0301  \u0304  \u0300  \u030F  \u030C  \u0302 ˥ ˦ ˧ ˨ ˩ ꜜ ꜛ ↗ ↘ ];
699::(NFD);
700
701